Antarctic waters

The second example features R cartilagineum, a cold-water species that enjoys a wide distribution (Gabrielson and Scagel, 1989). Patterns of variation for halogenated monoterpenes have been reported for this species collected from several locations that include Atlantic, Pacific, and Antarctic waters. Both cyclic and acyclic... 

Turner et al. [328] determined nanogram quantities of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfoniopropionate in Antarctic waters. 

Ross C, Van Alstyne KL (2007) Intraspecific variation in stress-induced hydrogen peroxide scavenging by the ulvoid macroalga Ulva lactuca. J Phycol 43 466-474 Sieburth JMN (1960) Acrylic acid, and antibiotic principle in Phaeocystis blooms in Antarctic waters. Science 132 676-677... 

Smith RC, Prezelin BB, Baker KS, Bidigare RR, Boucher NP, Coley T, Karentz D, MacIntyre S, Matlick HA, Menzies D, Ondrusek M, Wan Z, Waters KJ (1992) Ozone depletion ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in Antarctic waters. Science 255 952-959 Sommaruga R, Psenner R (1997) Ultraviolet radiation in a high mountain lake of the Austrian Alps air and underwater measurements. Photochem Photobiol 65 957-963 Swanson AK, Druehl LD (2002) Induction, exudation and the UV protective role of kelp phlorotannins. Aquat Bot 73 241-253... 

The density of seawater varies from a maximum of c = 29, observed in deep antarctic waters, to a minimum of c = 25 in subtropical oceanic thermoclinal waters. The high density of polar waters causes them to sink beneath subtropical waters and constitutes the driving force of deep oceanic circulation. 

At any event, microorganisms remain far less known than conspicuous species. Microorganisms are subject to high dispersal, as in the recently discovered gene flow for planktonic foraminifers of Arctic and Antarctic waters (Darling 2000). The composition ofthe soil may be also relevant (Yaalon 2000). This is why making an estimate of the diversity of natural products is difflcult. 

The Chemical Ecology of Antarctic Marine Organisms Research Project was initiated in 1988 by James McClintock, shown here (fifth from left) with his team of colleagues and research assistants. In 1992, he was joined by Bill Baker (second from right). Baker is shown in the inset dressing for a dive into the icy Antarctic water. Like many other science projects, this one was interdisciplinary, involving the efforts of scientists from a variety of backgrounds. 

Fish living in Arctic and Antarctic waters may encounter temperatures as low as -1.9°C. The freezing point depression provided by dissolved salts and proteins in the blood is insufficient to protect the fish from freezing. As winter approaches, they synthesize and accumulate in their blood serum a series of eight or more special antifreeze proteins.a d One type of antifreeze glycoprotein from winter flounder contains the following unit repeated 17-50 times. 

Fig. 6 Light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of flagellated stages of Phaeocystis. (a) P. pouchetii, TEM, (b) P. globosa, SEM, (c) P. globosa, LM, (d) P. antarctica, LM, (e) P. jahnii, TEM, (f) Phaeocystis sp. from Antarctic waters TEM, (g) Phaeocystis sp. 3, SEM, (h) P. cordata TEM, (i) P. cordata, star-like pattern...

Martin JH, Gordon RM, Fitzwater SE (1990) Iron in Antarctic waters. Nature 345 156-158 Meyer AA, Tackx M, Daro N (2000) Xanthophyll cycling... 

Bolter M, Dawson R (1982) Heterotrophic utilization of biochemical compounds in Antarctic waters. Neth J Sea Res 16 315-332... 

Sheppard SK, Harwood JD (2005) Advances in molecular predator-prey ecology. Funct Ecol 19 751-762 Shields AR, Smith WOJ (2005) A novel technique to examine the role of colonial Phaeocystis antarctica in the microbial loop of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. SCOR working group 120. Final meeting Phaeocystis, major link in the biogeo-chemical cycling of climate-relevant elements. University of Groningen, Haren, the Netherlands, p 14 Sieburth JM (1960) Acrylic acid, an antibiotic principle in Phaeocystis blooms in antarctic waters. Science 132 676-677... 

Sieburth JM (1960) Acrylic add an antibiotic prindple in Phaeocystis blooms in Antarctic waters. Sdence... 

Toole DA, Kieber DJ, Kiene RP, White EM, Bisgrove J, del Valle DA, Slezak D (2004) High dimethylsulfide photolysis rates in nitrate-rich Antarctic waters. Geophys Res Lett 31 Article no. LI 1307... 

Turner SM, Nightingale PD, Broadgate W, Liss PS (1995) The Distribution of Dimethyl Sulfide and Dimethylsulpho-niopropionate in Antarctic Waters and Sea-Ice. Deep-Sea Res Part H 42 1059-1080... 

P. antarctica in Antarctic waters. These factors include growth limitation/co-limitation by other resources, such as zinc (Coale et al. 2003) or vitamin B12 (Bertrand et al. in press) luxury uptake of iron integrated effects of prior changes in availability of iron and/or light physiological... 

Martin JH, Fitzwater SE, Gordon RM (1990) Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in Antarctic waters. Global Biogeochem Cycles 4 5-12. Research Series, 78 209-220, Washington, DC... 

Hurd, D. C., The effect of glacial weathering on the silica budget of Antarctic waters, Geochim. 

CoUos, Y., and Slawyk, G. (1986). C and N uptake by marine phytoplankton. IV. Uptake ratios and the contribution of nitrate to the productivity of Antarctic waters (Indian Ocean sector). Deep Sea Res. 133, 1039-1051. 

El-Sayed, S. Z. (1987). Biological productivity of Antarctic waters Present paradoxes and emerging paradigms. In Antarctic Aquatic Biology (El-Sayed, S. Z., and Tomo, A. P., eds.). SCAR Cambridge, England, pp. 1-21. 

Olson, R.J. (1980). Nitrate and ammonium uptake in Antarctic waters. L/mtio/. Oceanogr.2S, 1064—1074. 

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