Antibiotics principles

Ross C, Van Alstyne KL (2007) Intraspecific variation in stress-induced hydrogen peroxide scavenging by the ulvoid macroalga Ulva lactuca. J Phycol 43 466-474 Sieburth JMN (1960) Acrylic acid, and antibiotic principle in Phaeocystis blooms in Antarctic waters. Science 132 676-677... 

Mahran GH, Abdel-Wahab, SM, Tkhmed MS Detection and Isolation of the Antibiotic Principles of Plumeria rubra E. and Plumeria rubra L. var. alba. Growing in Egypt. Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy (Cairo University) 1975 12(2) 151-60. 

Sheppard SK, Harwood JD (2005) Advances in molecular predator-prey ecology. Funct Ecol 19 751-762 Shields AR, Smith WOJ (2005) A novel technique to examine the role of colonial Phaeocystis antarctica in the microbial loop of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. SCOR working group 120. Final meeting Phaeocystis, major link in the biogeo-chemical cycling of climate-relevant elements. University of Groningen, Haren, the Netherlands, p 14 Sieburth JM (1960) Acrylic acid, an antibiotic principle in Phaeocystis blooms in antarctic waters. Science 132 676-677... 

Sieburth J. M. (1960) Acrylic acid, an antibiotic principle in Phaeocystis blooms in Antarctic waters. Science 132, 676-677. 

VI. Isolation of Antibiotic Principles from Aspergillus ustus. J. biol. Chem. 162, 363 (1946). 

Eilert, U., B. Wolters, and A. Nahrstedt, The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala, Planta Medica, 42. 55-61 (1981). 

In general, the polyacetylenes known to be antibiotic were not recognized first as polyacetylenes, then tested for activity, but rather the reverse. Antibacterial activity was observed in a fungal or plant extract, and when the active principle was isolated and characterized, it proved to be a polyacetylene. Of the following examples, the first five were detected as the result of the earhest surveys of Basidiomycetes for antibiotic activity, (Wilkins and Harris, 1944 Robbins et al., 1945 Hervey, 1947), the last four as the result of isolated investigations of antibiotic principles from three different types of organisms. 

Biform5me 1 (XIV) (Jones et al., I963) was detected as an antibiotic principle C biformin ) in cultures of Polyporus biformis (Robbins et al., 1947), and later characterized as a polyacetylene (Anchel and Cohen, 1954 Anchel, 1956). 

Nemotin (XV) and nemotinic acid (XVI) (Bu Lock et al., 1955), isolated as antibiotic principles of a number of Poria species (Kavanagh et al., 1950b Anchel et al., 1950) were later recognized as polyacetylenes (Anchel, 1952). 

Drosophilin C (XVII) and drosophilin D (XVIII) (Jones et al., i960) represent another pair of polyacetylenes (Anchel, 1953b) detected and studied first as antibiotic principles of the Basidiomycete Drosophila subatrata (Kavanagh et al., 1952). 

Mycomycin (XIX) (Celmer and Solomons, 1952) was detected as an antibiotic principle produced by an Actinomycete observed as a contaminant on a Sabouraud agar plate (Johnson and Burdon, 1947). 

Marasin (XX) was isolated as an antibiotic principle of the basidiomycete Marasmius ramealis (Bendz, 1959a, b). 

These methods are employed for the detection and determination of antibiotics and substances with similar effects, like alkaloids, insecticides, fungicides, mycotoxins, vitamins, bitter principles and saponins [14]. 

Manual transfer of the chromatographically separated substance to the detector . These include, for example, the detection of antibiotically active substances, plant and animal hormones, mycotoxins, insecticides, spice and bitter principles and alkaloids. The frequency distribution of their employment is shown in Figure 54 [295]. 

In this chapter, we will examine strategies for producing antibiotics. We have had to be selective and have chosen to confine discussion largely to the -lactams, with particular emphasis on the diversification of the primary antibiotics using biotransformation. We have adopted this strategy in order to produce a manageable study, while enabling us to explain the main principles involved. 

The phenomenon of bacterial resistance to antibiotics was already known by the pioneers of the era of antibiotics, like Paul Ehrlich, who coined the term selective toxicity as the basic principle of antimicrobial therapeutics, as well as Gerhard Domagk, the inventor of the sulfonamide drugs, and Sir Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of the penicillins. When penicillin G was introduced into clinical practice in 1944, as many as 5% of the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to penicillin, while 5 years later the percentage was 50%. 

The desymmetrization principle was also exploited in the synthesis of (+)-FR900482, an antitumor antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces sandaensis [155]. A prochiral propanediol was enzymatically desymmetrized using PSL to give the corresponding (S)-monoester as illustrated in Figure 6.59. 

Stickler D.J. King J.B. (1998) Intrinsic resistance to non-antibiotic antibacterial agents. In Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilisation (eds A.D. Russell, W.B. Hugo G. A J. Ayliffe), 3rd edn. Oxford Blackwell Science. 

Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR, Bartlett JG, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults Background. Ann Intern Med 2001 134(6) 509-517. 

The use of more selective antibiotics should be considered where diagnostic tests have accurately identified the disease-causing organism. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is complex and the reader is referred to relevant veterinary textbooks such as Andrews (2000) for a more detailed description. However, several important principles and approaches to antibiotic therapies used for mastitis are described below. 

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