Petroleum density

Formula A mixture of light hydrocarbons from petroleum Density 0.83-0.90 gml 1 Volatility Very low... 

Ra = R3 -h (10Rc)/0.9. The RC (residual carbon) term represents heavy bitumens or recycled kerogens not directly volatilized by pyrolysis, but that could be oxidized to CO2 or CO in the separate oxidation step (Lafargue et al. 1997). Flowever, the Kuparuk formation often contains cements, siderite among others, which decompose to CO2 or CO at temperatures reached in the oxidation step of Rock-Eval 6 analysis. Unacceptable variability in RC was observed in pyrolysis of Kuparuk samples, possibly because of decomposition of carbonate minerals. Therefore, a Y coefficient was adopted to correlate Rock-Eval 6 pyrolysis results to petroleum density, where F=(R1+R2)/ (R1 +R2 + R3). 

Increased tar or the incidence of viscous oil corresponds (a) to increased nonhydrocarbon content of petroleinn (lower hydrocarbon/nonhydrocarbon ratio), (b) increased high molecular weight organic matter observed in Rock-Eval 6 pyrograms and (c) an increased pore-filling petroleum density (as evidenced by lower predicted API gravity from Rock-Eval 6. 

Characterization of a Petroleum Cut by Refractive Index, Density, and Molecular Weight (ndM method)... 

The molar volume characteristics, V, for petroleum fractions and hydrocarbons can be obtained from the known density at temperature T ... 

Gas bubble separation time of petroleum oils NFT 60-149 ASTM D 3427 Time for air liberation after supersaturation (measurement of density)... 

In Section 5.2.8 we shall look at pressure-depth relationships, and will see that the relationship is a linear function of the density of the fluid. Since water is the one fluid which is always associated with a petroleum reservoir, an understanding of what controls formation water density is required. Additionally, reservoir engineers need to know the fluid properties of the formation water to predict its expansion and movement, which can contribute significantly to the drive mechanism in a reservoir, especially if the volume of water surrounding the hydrocarbon accumulation is large. 

Second, in the early 1950s, Hogan and Bank at Phillips Petroleum Company, discovered (3,4) that ethylene could be catalyticaHy polymerized into a sohd plastic under more moderate conditions at a pressure of 3—4 MPa (435—580 psi) and temperature of 70—100°C, with a catalyst containing chromium oxide supported on siUca (Phillips catalysts). PE resins prepared with these catalysts are linear, highly crystalline polymers of a much higher density of 0.960—0.970 g/cnr (as opposed to 0.920—0.930 g/cnf for LDPE). These resins, or HDPE, are currentiy produced on a large scale, (see Olefin polymers, HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE). 

High density polyethylene (HDPE) is defined by ASTM D1248-84 as a product of ethylene polymerisation with a density of 0.940 g/cm or higher. This range includes both homopolymers of ethylene and its copolymers with small amounts of a-olefins. The first commercial processes for HDPE manufacture were developed in the early 1950s and utilised a variety of transition-metal polymerisation catalysts based on molybdenum (1), chromium (2,3), and titanium (4). Commercial production of HDPE was started in 1956 in the United States by Phillips Petroleum Company and in Europe by Hoechst (5). HDPE is one of the largest volume commodity plastics produced in the world, with a worldwide capacity in 1994 of over 14 x 10 t/yr and a 32% share of the total polyethylene production. 

Commercial production of PE resias with densities of 0.925 and 0.935 g/cm was started ia 1968 ia the United States by Phillips Petroleum Co. Over time, these resias, particularly LLDPE, became large volume commodity products. Their combiaed worldwide productioa ia 1994 reached 13 X 10 metric t/yr, accouatiag for some 30% market share of all PE resias ia the year 2000, LLDPE productioa is expected to iacrease by 50%. A aew type of LLDPE, compositioaaHy uniform ethylene—a-olefin copolymers produced with metallocene catalysts, was first introduced by Exxon Chemical Company in 1990. The initial production volume was 13,500 t/yr but its growth has been rapid indeed, in 1995 its combiaed production by several companies exceeded 800,000 tons. 

Countries produciug commodity LLDPE and their capacities, as well as production volumes of some U.S. companies, are Hsted iu Table 5. Iu most cases, an accurate estimate of the total LLDPE production capacity is compHcated by the fact that a large number of plants are used, iu turn, for the manufacture of either HDPE or LLDPE iu the same reactors. VLDPE and LLDPE resius with a uniform branching distribution were initially produced in the United States by Exxon Chemical Company and Dow Chemical Company. However, since several other companies around the world have also aimounced their entry into this market, the worldwide capacity of uniformly branched LLDPE resins in 1995 is expected to reach a million tons. Special grades of LLDPE resins with broad MWD are produced by Phillips Petroleum Co. under the trade name Low Density Linear Polyethylenes or LDLPE. 

Low Pressure Linear (Low Density) Polyethylene" in ECT3rd ed., under "Olefin Polymers," Vol. 16, pp. 385—401, byj. N. Short, Phillips Petroleum Co. 

Three frequently specified properties are density—specific gravity—API gravity, characterization factor, and sulfur content (2,6,7). The API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity is a measure of density or specific gravity (sp gr) ... 

Piebaked anodes aie produced by molding petroleum coke and coal tar pitch binder into blocks typically 70 cm x 125 cm x 50 cm, and baking to 1000—1200°C. Petroleum coke is used because of its low impurity (ash) content. The more noble impurities, such as iron and siUcon, deposit in the aluminum whereas less noble ones such as calcium and magnesium, accumulate as fluorides in the bath. Coal-based coke could be used, but extensive and expensive prepurification would be required. Steel stubs seated in the anode using cast iron support the anodes (via anode rods) in the electrolyte and conduct electric current into the anodes (Fig. 3). Electrical resistivity of prebaked anodes ranges from 5-6 Hm anode current density ranges from 0.65 to 1.3 A/crn. ... 

Fig. 21. A low density polyethylene tubular reactor used by Phillips Petroleum (85).

The second category differs from those discussed above in that it relates, in the main, to those situations for which no data or only characterizing data exist. In such cases, this small set of characterizing data or, in its absence, stmcture data are used to estimate a set of parameters of the type requited by point generation routines. One notable specific example of this type of facihty is the creation of data sets for petroleum boiling fractions from information on average boiling point and density. 

Porous Media Packed beds of granular solids are one type of the general class referred to as porous media, which include geological formations such as petroleum reservoirs and aquifers, manufactured materials such as sintered metals and porous catalysts, burning coal or char particles, and textile fabrics, to name a few. Pressure drop for incompressible flow across a porous medium has the same quahtative behavior as that given by Leva s correlation in the preceding. At low Reynolds numbers, viscous forces dominate and pressure drop is proportional to fluid viscosity and superficial velocity, and at high Reynolds numbers, pressure drop is proportional to fluid density and to the square of superficial velocity. 

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