Petrolatum range

Paraffin wax is generally white in color, whereas microcrystalline wax and petrolatum range from white to almost black. A fully refined wax should be virtually colorless water-white) when examined in the molten state. Absence of color is of particular importance in wax used for pharmaceutical purposes or for the manufacture of food wrappings. The significance of the color of microcrystalline wax and petrolatum depends on the use for which they are intended. In some applications (for example, the manufacture of corrosion preventives) color may be of little importance. 

In addition to the petrolatum tapes and those based on a laminate of p.e. or p.v.c. with an elastomeric sealant or pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, recent developments have centred around self-adhesive bituminous laminates. These tapes are commonly constructed with a p.v.c. backing, whose thickness ranges from 0 08 to 0 75 mm and a bituminous adhesive compound layer to provide a total tape thickness of up to 2 mm. In order to maintain conformability without compromising impact values, tapes may also be manufactured with a fabric reinforcement within the bituminous layer. 

Paraffin wax is a solid crystalline mixture of straight-chain (normal) hydrocarbons ranging from 20 to 30 carbon atoms per molecule and even higher. Wax constituents are solid at ordinary temperatures [25°C (77°F)], whereas petrolatum (petroleum jelly) does contain both solid and liquid hydrocarbons. The melting point of wax is not always directly related to its boiling point, because wax contains hydrocarbons of different chemical structure. 

Petrolatum a semisolid product, ranging from white to yellow in color, produced during refining of residual stocks. 

The mutual miscibility of solvents that does not involve water has been reported on an empirical basis by assigning to each solvent a miscibility number, on a scale of standard solvents ranging from 1 for the very hydrophilic glycerol to 31 for the very lipophilic petrolatum. If the miscibility numbers of two solvents differ by < 15 they are probably miscible, whereas if they differ by > 17 they are probably immiscible. Those that have a miscibility number of 16 ought to be miscible with all solvents, hence act as universal solvents. The miscibility numbers are shown in Table 4.6, where, in the cases where two numbers are shown, the first pertains to miscibility with solvents of high lipophilicity and the second to miscibility with solvents of high hydrophilicity (Godfrey 1972). 

Petrolatum is widely used as a classic skin moisturizer.110 Its uses range from cosmetic skin care products to dermatological treatments to patch test substrates to tissue paper emollients. As long as people require soft, supple, moisturized skin, petrolatum will be a key ingredient in meeting that requirement. 

The purity of lanolin and standard tests have been described in the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), in The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), and according to other national standards.13,14 Lanolin is a semisolid with a melting point of approximately 40 6°C and has a molecular weight in the range of 790 to 880 Da. Lanolin is a complex and variable mixture of mainly esters, diesters, hydroxy esters (87.0-93.5%, w/w),7 8 15 lanolin alcohols (6.0-12.5%, w/w), lanolin acids (<0.5%, w/w), and lanolin hydrocarbons (<1.0%, w/w). The latter are also called paraffins and petrolatum by the EP and USP, respectively.13,14 16-18 Approximately 40% of the esters are a-hydroxy esters. Due to the extremely complex nature of lanolin, the true number of different esters present is unknown. Barnett calculated the theoretical number of monoester combinations from random combinations of 69 aliphatic lanolin alcohols, 6 sterols, and 138 saturated lanolin acids to total 10,350.8 This is most probably an underestimate of the total number of esters, as dibasic acids and dihydric alcohols also occur naturally in lanolin.19 Further combinations of cyclic mono- and di-esters may be formed by dehydration and from inter- and intra-esterification due to heating during the manufacturing process.7 8... 

Petrolatum Yellow soft paraffin, yellow petroleum jelly BP, JP, PhEur, USPNF Melting range 38-60 °C residue on ignition <0.1%... 

Petrolatum wax—this wax may melt within the range of 35 to 80° C., is soft and plastic, and is probably more highly branched than the ceresins. 

Petrolatum is usually a soft product containing approximately 20% oil and melting between 38°C (100°F) and 60°C (140°F). Petrolatum or petroleum jelly is essentially a mixture of microcrystalline wax and oil. It is produced as an intermediate product in the refining of microcrystaUine wax or compounded by blending appropriate waxy products and oils. Petrolatum colors range from the almost black crude form to the highly refined yellow and white pharmaceutical grades. 

The test method for the color of petroleum products (ASTM D-1500, IP 196) is used for wax and petrolatum that are too dark for the Saybolt colorimeter. A liquid sample is placed in the test container, a glass cylinder of 30- to 35-mm ID, and compared with colored glass disks ranging in value... 

The Lovibond tintometer (IP 17) is used to measures the tint and depth of color by comparison with a series of red, yellow, and blue standard glasses. Waxes and petrolatum are tested in the molten state, and a wide range of cell sizes is available for the different types. 

Patch test concentrations that may be used for maneb and mancozeb range from 0.2-1% in petrolatum, respectively, reported in a review of patch testing procedures (Fisher 1983). Patch test concentrations used in human case studies that have yielded positive results range from 0.2 to 1. % for maneb (Adams and Manchester 1982 Crape et al. 1990 List and Carragheen 1985 Magnesia et al. 1988 Nader et al. 1979) and... 

Yellowish-white oil. Pleasant odor. Melting range initial 21°, complete transparency 3l . df 0,860. k 1.46757, n 1,46655 n, s 1.4646 n f 1,4636. Acid value 10-70 saponification value 220-230 iodine value 48-58 Reichert-Meissl value 16. Miscible with ether, chloroform, other vegetable oils, petrolatum, lanolin. 

For stabilization of polyolefins in contact with copper, it is often mandatory to combine a metal deactivator with an antioxidant. Metal deactivators in actual use are essentially N,N -bis-[3-(3, 5 -di-te t-butyl-4 -hydroxy-phenyl)propionyl]-hydrazine and NJV -dibenzaloxalyldihydrazide. The latter compound requires predispersion in a masterbatch because of its insolubility in polyolefins. This is not needed, however, for the former compound, which at commonly used concentrations is molecularly dispersed in polyolefins after processing. The required additive concentrations range from 0.05 to 0.5% depending on the polymer, the nature of the insulation (solid, cellular), whether the cable is petrolatum filled, and on service conditions. 

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