Theoretical number

In practice the efficiency of plates is usually less than 100%, with the result that the number required to achieve a given degree of separation or absorption is greater than the theoretical number. 

Proteins are macromolecules that play many roles such as serving as enzymes or components of cell membranes and muscle. The antibodies that protect against invasion by foreign substances are themselves proteins. There are twenty-odd amino acids found regularly in most naturally occurring proteins. Because of the great length of protein chains and the various sequences of amino acids, the theoretic number of possible proteins is astronomical. The amino acid sequence is referred to as the primaiy structure of a protein. The pol eptide... 

The minimum reflux ratio (L/D)min been determined to be 1.017. Using the Brown and Martin graph [9], evaluate the theoretical number of trays at an operating reflux of 1.5 times the minimum. The minimum number of stages was determined to be 22.1 including the reboiler. See Figure 8-49. 

In the case of the t domain, since it is only the number N of data points that determines the resolution, and not the time involved in the pulse sequence with various delays, it is advisable to acquire only half the theoretical number of FIDs and to obtain the required digital resolution by zero-filling. Thus the resolution in the Fi domain will be given by R = 2SWi/A i that in the F2 domain is given by / = 1/AQ = 2SW2/A2. 

On-line SFE-packed capillary SFC is an interesting development in comparison with SFE-cSFC, because of the higher loadability and shorter analysis times. In comparison with SFE-pSFC, the advantages are a lower pressure drop, higher efficiency (theoretical number of plates) and lower flow-rates, resulting in easier interfacing with FID or MS instruments. 

With column B (1 = 66 cm, internal q> 2.8 cm filled with 135 g microcrystalline cellulose triacetate 43p-53n swollen in 95% ethanol dead volume V0 120 ml maximum allowed external pressure ca. 780Torr 250ml/h theoretical number of plates N = 320), racemic (67) could be partially resolved too 5S). It is interesting to note that a better resolution is obtained at lower temperatures (see Table 7). 

The pH of the periodate reaction medium is of paramount importance in such oxidation of carbohydrates, principally because of the sensitive acetal and ester linkages already present or formed in the course of the reaction. In many cases, any hydrolysis of these linkages will free more than the original theoretical number of reactive groups. The pH essential for preserving the blocking groups intact must be compromised with the optimal pH for the periodate oxidation. 

Determine graphically the theoretical number of plates required for the rectifying and stripping portions of the column. 

If the five resonance forms of the phenoxy radical (Figure 3.6) can couple to any other phenoxy radical, the theoretical number of dimeric structures possible is 25. The relative frequency of involvement of individual sites in the phenolic coupling reaction depends on their relative electron densities. Quantum mechanical calculations predict that the high electron densities at the phenolic oxygen atom and the carbon atom would give rise to a high proportion of fi-O-4 linkages, which is indeed observed to be the case (Table 3.1). 

So theoretically there should be 30 fundamental bands in the infrared spectrum. But this theoretical number is seldom obtained, because of the following reasons ... 

For the simulation of SMB-separations efficient software packages,based on the Triangle-Theory, are commercially available. The number of columns, the column dimensions, the theoretical number of plates in the columns, the feed concentration, the bi-Langmuir adsorption isotherm parameters and the number of cycles need to be defined by the user. Then the separation is simulated and values for the flow rate ratios, the flow rates, the switching time and the quality of the separation, purity and yield, are calculated. Based on these values an actual separation can be performed. However, some optimization/further development is usually necessary, since the simulations are based on an ideal model and the derived parameters and results therefore can only be taken as indications for the test runs. 

From the above definition it is quite evident that the sensitivity takes no cognizance of the noise-level of the base-line, therefore, it is more or less of no use as a definite guide to the least quantity of an element which may be estimated. However, the sensitivity of a 1% absorption-is a pure theoretical number only that would undergo a change solely depending on the efficiency of the lamp (hollow-cathode-lamp), atomizer, flame-system employed, monochromator (prism, grating used), and finally the photomultiplier used. 

Determine graphically the theoretical number of plates required for the rectifying and stripping portions of the column, if the reflux ratio = 3, the slope of the fractionating line = 1.4, the purity of the product = 99 per cent and the percentage of carbon disulphide in the waste liquors = 1 per cent. 

Table 3 provides more detailed information on those cases in which the number of experimentally measured electrons ( app) equals, or is different from, the theoretical number (n) involved in a particular electrode mechanism. 

Figure 3. Number of significant integrals (>lff a.u.) for y=00 ao (crosses), y=0.05 ao (dots), y=0.1 a (triangles), y-LO ag (squares). The dashed line corresponds to the theoretical number of if/8 integrals and the dotted line represents the number of significant electron-repulsion integrals.

The volume of distribution of a drug molecule is, as described previously, a theoretical number that assumes the drug is at equal concentration in the tissue and in the circulation and represents what volume (or mass) of tissue is required to give that concentration. Volume of distribution, therefore, provides a term that partially reflects tissue affinity. However, it is important to remember that affinity may vary between different tissues and a moderate volume of distribution may reflect moderate concentrations in many tissues or high concentrations in a few. For an illustration of... 

For the SDP problems arising from the variational calculation, in which we are interested, the theoretical number of floating-point operations required by parallel Primal-Dual interior-point method-based software scales as... 

Theoretical Number of Floating-Point Operations per Iteration (FLOPI), Maximum Number of Major Iterations, and Memory Usage for the Parallel Primal-Dual Interior-Point Method (pPDIPM) and for the First-Order Method (RRSDP) Applied to Primal and Dual SDP Formulations". 

Table 12 Theoretical number average molar masses (M ) and polydispersity indices for the for ...

Figure 4.5 The ratio between the theoretical number of possible proteins and their actual number is many orders of magnitude greater than the ratio between all sand of the vast Sahara and a single grain of sand. (Picture kindly provided by Giuseppe Carpaneto.)...

This question can be tackled with a concrete research project, which started recently in my group. The basic idea is to make a large number of NBPs 50 residues long. The maximum theoretical number of such chains is 20, and by using the well-known technique of phage display, gene libraries containing approximately 10 clones can be produced. 

The theoretical number of crystal water molecules is calculated from the residual volume of the unit cell not occupied by the refined lattice components. 

Calculated from homo PIB star samples assuming a theoretical number of arms of 8 ... 

BgBa20i4)J (B7Ba2014) where n, 112,113 and H4 are integers. The stacking sequences are denoted by the letters S,R,T and Q. The theoretical number of the possible sequences in these ferrites is infinite and many of these combinations have been observed. 

We can write the 2P — 25 Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen as a difference of a theoretical number and a term proportional to the proton charge radius squared... 

However, fewer experimental peaks may be observed than would be expected from the theoretical number of normal modes. Fewer peaks can be found when the symmetry of the molecules is such that no change in dipole results from a particular vibration. The energies of two or more vibrations can be identical or nearly identical. In some cases absorption intensity is too low to be detected by ordinary means, ft may also happen that the vibrational energy is in a wavelength region which is beyond the range of the instrument. 

The theoretical number of fundamental vibrations (absorption frequencies) will seldom be observed because overtones (multiples of a given frequency) and combination tones (sum of two other vibrations) increase the number of bands, whereas other phenomena reduce the number of bands. The following will reduce the theoretical number of bands. 

As noted above, a knowledge of the stoichiometric equation allows one to predict the theoretical minimum amount of waste that can be expected. This led to the concept of atom economy [8] or atom utilization [9] to quickly assess the environmental acceptabihty of alternatives to a particular product before any experiment is performed. It is a theoretical number, that is, it assumes a chemical yield of 100% and exactly stoichiometric amounts and disregards substances which do not appear in the stoichiometric equation. 

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