Petrochemical processing acidic

Eatty alcohols, prepared from fatty acids or via petrochemical processes, aldol or hydroformylation reactions, or the Ziegler process, react with ammonia or a primary or secondary amine in the presence of a catalyst to form amines (10—12). 

Corrosion Probiems in Service. The wide variety of corrosive factors that are present in refining and petrochemical processing (e.g., acids, caustics, chlorides, sulfides, sulfates) give rise to a wide variety of corrosive attacks, some of which act ... 

The principal use of the alkylation process is the production of high octane aviation and motor gasoline blending stocks by the chemical addition of C2, C3, C4, or C5 olefins or mixtures of these olefins to an iso-paraffin, usually isobutane. Alkylation of benzene with olefins to produce styrene, cumene, and detergent alkylate are petrochemical processes. The alkylation reaction can be promoted by concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum chloride, or boron fluoride at low temperatures. Thermal alkylation is possible at high temperatures and very high pressures. 

Reconcentration of sulphuric acid A very large amount of tantalum heater surface has been installed in plants for the reconcentration of diluted sulphuric acid arising from metal pickling, oil refinery operations and from petrochemical processes producing alcohols and ketones. Since reconcentration provides a means of overcoming a waste of disposal problem, the use of such plants is expanding ... 

Here, we present the high activity and selectivity of an acid Al-containing ITQ-21 catalyst for the production of cumene by alkylation of benzene with propylene, which is an important petrochemical process that employs zeolites [4,5]. 

The weak acidity of the pure OMS materials is disadvantageous for petrochemical processes but for the synthesis of fine chemicals, solids with moderate acidity can be very active catalysts. Table 4.2 gives... 

There are dozens of organic acids that are used in petrochemicals processing. But there are three that account for more than 70% of the total volume—acetic acid, adipic acid, and the phthalic acids. These compounds have little in common with each, other besides the carboxyl signature group, written as -COOH, drawn as... 

The acid-catalyzed conversions of hydrocarbons have been extensively studied and are widely reported in chemical literature. Many important petroleum and petrochemical processes involve catalysis by acids. In contrast to this, the use of bases to catalyze hydrocarbon conversions has received little attention except for polymerization of conjugated dienes and styrene to high polymers. 

Although ASPEN-Plus is widely used to simulate petrochemical processes, its uses for modeling biomass processes are limited owing to the limited availability of physical properties that best describe biomass components such as cellulose, xylan, and lignin. For example, Lynd et al. (1) used conventional methods to calculate the economic viability of a biom-ass-to-ethanol process. However, with the development by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) of an ASPEN-Plus physical property database for biofuels components, modified versions of ASPEN-Plus software can now be used to model biomass processes (2). Wooley et al. (3) used ASPEN-Plus simulation software to calculate equipment and energy costs for an entire biomass-to-ethanol process that made use of dilute-H2S04 acid pretreatment. 

Liquid phase oxidation of hydrocarbons by molecular oxygen forms the basis for a wide variety of petrochemical processes,3 "16 including the manufacture of phenol and acetone from cumene, adipic acid from cyclohexane, terephthalic acid from p-xylene, acetaldehyde and vinyl acetate from ethylene, propylene oxide from propylene, and many others. The majority of these processes employ catalysis by transition metal complexes to attain maximum selectivity and efficiency. 

The earliest petrochemical process to convert ethylene to ethanol was first practiced in about 1930, and was indirect. In this process ethylene, under pressure, is absorbed by countercurrent passage against sulfuric acid (90-98%) at about 80°C in an absorber to form a mixture of the monoesters, and diesters (Eqs. 19.29 and 19.30). 

Note, however, that liquid acids are still largely used in refinery and petrochemical processes. For example, HF alkylation (for isobutane alkylation with light olefins) is still among the top-ten refining processes licensed by UOP, with over 100 units installed worldwide. However, UOP introduced from 2002 the Alkylene process, which uses a liquid phase riser reactor with a solid acid catalyst for the isobutane alkylation. However, HF alkylation remains the best economic choice [223], notwithstanding environmental and corrosion problems. Also in this case, the conventional process has been improved, for example by HF aerosol vapor suppression. Other aspects of isobutane alkylation have been reviewed by Hommeltoft [224]. 

Previous sections have shown that catalysis by solid acids has received much attention due to its importance in petroleum refining and petrochemical processes. Conversely, relatively few studies have focused on catalysis by bases, even if acid and base are paired concepts. Base catalysts, however, play a decisive role in several reactions essential for fine-chemical syntheses [248-251]. Solid-base catalysts have many advantages over liquid bases. Examples of successfijl reactions include isomerization, aldol condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, Michael condensation, oxidation and Si—C bond formation. Various reviews have discussed catalysis by solid bases [248-255]. 

Gas Processing, acid gas absorption (Chemical and Electrol) — electrolyte NRTL. Petrochemicals, aromatics and ether production (Petchem) — Wilson, NRTL,... 

Petrochemicals processing to give polymers and other organic compounds uses large amounts of many inorganic chemicals, including acids and alkalis (mostly... 

Although still the most important applications of zeolite catalysts are in the field of refining, as described in the previous section, the use zeolites in petrochemistry is expected to grow in the near future and several petrochemical processes based on zeolite catalysts have been already developed and commercialized. Moreover, zeolites can offer new opportunities for the development of new petrochemical processes replacing harmful and corrosive mineral acids which are still used in several processes and thus would lead to more efficient, selective, and cleaner processes [200,201,202]. In this section, we will describe the application of zeolites in some relevant petrochemical processes, with especial emphasis in aromatics transformation processes, including well established technologies as well as potential applications in new processes. 

The Keggin-type heteropolyacid (hereafter abbreviated HPA) is a unique catalyst material because it has the dual catalytic functions of strong acidity and high oxidizing capacity [1-5]. HPA has been applied commercially as an efficient catalyst in several petrochemical processes, including the direct hydration of propene (1972) [6,7], isobutene (1984) [8] and n-butenes (1989) [9], the oxidation of metha-crolein to methacrylic acid (1982) [10], the oligomerization of tetrahydrofuran to polymeric diols (1985) [11], and the oxidation of ethene to acetic acid (1997) [12]. 

In sharp contrast to solid acid catalysts which are used in wide varieties of reactions in petroleum refining, petrochemical processes and fine chemicals production, solid base catalysts have been used to a small extent. Although Ba(OH)2 is well known to catalyze aldol addition of acetone and described in every textbook of organic chemistry, the other types of solid base cataiyst have been studied in recent years. 

Commercial petrochemical processes using syngas or carbon monoxide are based on four principal classes of reactions phosgenation, Reppe chemistry, hydroformylations, and Koch carbonylations. Phosgenation is a key step in the manufacture of polyurethanes, polycarbonates, and monoisocyanates. Reppe chemistry is the basis for acetic acid and acetic anhydride production as well as formic acid and methyl methacrylate synthesis. Hydroformylations utilize syngas in the oxo synthesis to make a wide variety of aldehydes and long-chain alcohols. The fourth class of reactions are Koch carbonylations. Koch carbonylations are used commercially to produce neo acids which are specialty products that serve markets similar to 0X0 alcohols. 

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