Pesticides findings

Pesticides find pesticide metabolites e.g. aniline and urea derivatives [4]... 

Carbamates and thiocarbamates are an important family of pesticides, finding applications both as insecticides and herbicides. 

Table 1. The data set of pesticide finding in streams and related usage in agricul-ture used for methodological illustration...

Heico Chemicals is the only producer of acetamide in the United States. Small amounts are imported from Europe and Asia. It is shipped in 32-L (35-gal) dmms weighing about 80 kg. Acetamide appears to have a wide spectmm of appHcations. It suppresses acid buildup in printing inks, lacquers, explosives, and perfumes. It is a mild moisturi2er and is used as a softener for leather, textiles, paper, and certain plastics. It finds some appHcations in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and antioxidants for plastics. 

Pesticides Limited Testing Finds Feii> Exported Unregistered Pesticide Violations on ImportedFood GAO/RCED-94-1, U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C., Oct. 1993, 34 pp. 

Alkylphenol ethoxylates are chemically stable and highly versatile surfactants that find appHcation in a large variety of industrial products including acid and alkaline metal cleaning formulations, hospital cleaners, herbicides (qv) and insecticides, oil-weU drilling fluids, synthetic latices, and many others (see Disinfectants AND antiseptics Elastop rs, synthetic Insect control technology Metal surface treati nts Pesticides Petroleum, drilling fluids). 

Eatty acid ethoxylates are used extensively in the textile industry as emulsifiers for processing oils, antistatic agents (qv), softeners, and fiber lubricants, and as detergents in scouring operations. They also find appHcation as emulsifiers in cosmetic preparations and pesticide formulations. Eatty acid ethoxylates are manufactured either by alkaH-catalyzed reaction of fatty acids with ethylene oxide or by acid-catalyzed esterification of fatty acids with preformed poly(ethylene glycol). Deodorization steps are commonly incorporated into the manufacturing process. 

Nitration of benzene yields nitrobenzene, which is reduced to aniline, an important intermediate for dyes and pharmaceuticals. Benzene is chlorinated to produce chlorobenzene, which finds use in the preparation of pesticides, solvents, and dyes. 

Hundley HK, Cairns T, Luke MA, et al. 1988. Pesticide residue findings by the luke method in domestic and imported foods and animal feeds for fiscal years 1982-1986. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71 875-892. 

Kan-Do Office and Pesticide Team. 1995. Accumulated pesticide and industrial chemical findings from a ten-year study of ready-to-eat foods. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 78 614-631. 

Lovell RA, McChesney DG, Price WD. 1996. Organohalogen and organophosphoms pesticides in mixed feed rations Findings from FDA s domestic surveillance during fiscal years 1989-1994. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 79 544-548. 

Minyard JP, Roberts WE. 1991. State findings on pesticide residues in foods—1988-1989. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 74 438-453. 

Regarding soils, a central issue is the persistence and movement of pesticides that are widely used in agriculture. Many different insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and molluscicides are applied to agricultural soils, and there is concern not only about effects that they may have on nontarget species residing in soil, but also on the possibility of the chemicals finding their way into adjacent water courses. 

With the acceptable concentrations of herbicides in drinking water being taken to very low levels by some regulatory authorities (e.g., the EC), there has been interest in very low levels of atrazine present in some samples of groundwater and in drinking water. This finding illustrates the point that mobility of pesticides becomes increasingly evident as sensitivity of analysis improves. 

Eriksson, P. and Talts, U. (2000). Neonatal exposure to neurotoxic pesticides increases adult susceptibility a review of current findings. Neurotoxicology 21, 37 7. 

In this study, the preliminary findings showed that the HPLC/fluorescence data were in agreement for all 12 carbamates with HPLC/ESI-MS/MS for most of the nine fruits and vegetables at the 1.0 ng g fortification level. The recoveries were generally within 70-120% however, at the 1.0 ng g level in each commodity, HPLC/ESI-MS (single-stage MS) had difficulty with interferences for three out of the 12 carbamate pesticides (aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, and 3-hydroxycarbofuran), which made quantification impossible for these three compounds. 

Similar findings on dairy farms in Canada were reported by Stonehouse, et al. (2001). The superior economic performance on organic dairy farms was attributed to lower costs of production for almost all material inputs, including dairy herd replacements and livestock feeds. The organic dairy farmers used more land for feed crop production for the dairy cows in order to be as self-sufficient as possible. The conventional dairy farmers imported crop seeds, synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides, feedstuffs and herd replacements, with more of their land being devoted to cash crops. 

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