Pesticide aquatic risk assessment

SETAC (1994). Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Pesticide Risk and Mitigation. Final Report of the Aquatic Risk Assessment and Mitigation Dialog Group. Pensacola, FL SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education. 

Boeston JJTI, Kopp H, Adriaanse PI, Brock TCM, Forbes VE. 2007. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 66 291-308. 

Campbell PJ, Arnold D, Brock T, Grandy N, Heger W, Heimbach F, Maund SJ, Streloke M, editors. 1999. Guidance document higher-tier aquatic risk assessment for pesticides. Brussels (Belgium) SETAC-Europe, 179 p. 

Guidance Document on Higher-Tier Aquatic Risk Assessment for Pesticides... 

T. C. M. Brock, N. J. Grandy, W. Heger, E. Heimbach, S. J. Maund, M. Streloke, Guidance Document on Higher-Tier Aquatic Risk Assessment for Pesticides (HARAP), Erance, 19-22 April 1988. 

How to refine and evaluate a TER - aquatic risk assessment for pesticides in Europe by C. Schaefers and W. Koerdel (Fraunhofer IME, Germany)... 

Aquatic risk assessment of new or existing chemicals and wastewater effluents Aquatic hazard assessment of new chemicals Specific data requirements and types of tests required for registering pesticides... 

Finally, an equally Important component of ground water risk assessment Is toxicity. Only rarely have levels of pesticides In well water been detected which would cause acute toxicity, unless Improper disposal caused the contamination. Rather, as can be seen In Table III, the pesticide levels are usually In the low ppb range. Therefore, our current toxicity concerns are usually for chronic human toxicity or, occasionally, aquatic toxicity. There Is also the possibility of organisms receiving toxic amounts of pesticide residues over time via blomagnlf1catIon. 

Variability and uncertainty affect every element of every risk assessment. For example, participants in the European Workshop on Probabilistic Risk Assessment for the Environmental Impacts of Plant Protection Products (EUPR A) were asked to list sources of uncertainty affecting current procedures for assessing pesticide risks to aquatic... 

Brock, T.C.M. and Ratte, H.T. (2002) Ecological risk assessment for pesticides discussion paper for the CLASSIC workshop, in Community-Level Aquatic Systems Studies - Interpretation Studies CLASSIC, (eds J.M. Giddings,... 

The Community-Level Aquatic Systems Studies Interpretation Studies (CLASSIC) guidance document, which deals with the interpretation of results of microcosm and mesocosm tests in the risk assessment procedure of pesticides, recommends that regulatory model ecosystem experiments be conducted in spring to midsummer (Giddings et al. 2002). On the basis of the limited number of model ecosystem experiments described above, it seems that threshold concentrations for effects observed in early-season studies are reasonably predictive for threshold concentrations later in the season. Above these threshold concentrations, however, the intensity and duration of the responses (direct and indirect effects) may vary during different periods of the year. Consequently, the extrapolation of NOECcommunity values from one season to another seems to be possible with lower uncertainty than hazard estimates of higher concentrations in which both direct and indirect effects are involved. 

Any ecological risk assessment at the landscape level has to start with the question, What has to be protected This protection aim preferably needs to include a spatial component (e.g., protecting the aquatic biodiversity from pesticide stress in watercourses neighboring agricultural fields). It may also include a temporal component for example, consider only effects on the densities of aquatic populations to be acceptable in drainage ditches neighboring agricultural fields that show full recovery within a certain time period (e.g., 8 weeks) but do not allow these effects in main watercourses connected to these ditches (see Section 1.3.1 in Chapter 1 for a discussion on this topic). 

Brock TCM, Arts GHP, Maltby L, van den Brink PJ. 2006. Aquatic risks of pesticides, ecological protection goals and common aims in EU legislation. Int Environ Assess Manag 2 e20-e46. 

Moore DW, Schluchter MD, Scott GI. 1990. Use of hazard models in evaluating the effect of exposure duration on the acute toxicity of three pesticides. In Landis WG, Van der Schalie H, editors. Aquatic toxicology and risk assessment. Volume ASTM STP 1096. Philadelphia (PA) American Society for Testing and Materials, p 247-263. 

Muschal M, Warne MS. 2003. Risk posed by pesticides to aquatic organisms in rivers or northern inland New South Wales, Australia. Human Ecol Risk Assess 9 1765-1787. 

New Improvements in the Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment of Fungicidal Pesticides... 

Linking Aquatic Exposure and Effects Risk Assessment of Pesticides Brock, Alix, Brown, Capri, Gottesbiiren, Heimbach, Lythgo, Schulz, Streloke, editors... 

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