Pest management strategies

Benefit/cost analysis demonstrated that solarization can also be more convenient than other control techniques, due to its lower costs (Yaron et al. 1991 Elmore 1991a Bell 1998 Esperancini et al. 2003 Hasing et al. 2004). Potential integration of this technique within more complex pest management strategies is another main advantage of soil solarization, as they are technically combinable with most other available control methods. 

Pest management strategy, 13 359 Pests, sugarcane, 23 445-446 PET, 10 222. See also Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)... 

Although assays with other insects should be conducted, it does not seem from an economic standpoint that the Encelia and Hemlzonla chromenes themselves are of sufficient potency to warrant adaptation into pest management strategies. However, the relative ease of extraction of the fitchii chromenes, as exemplified by their... 

Beyond Pesticides is a national network committed to pesticide safety and the adoption of alternative pest management strategies which reduce or eliminate a dependency on toxic chemicals. ... 

Can I design an integrated pest management strategy using biodiversity of field and surroundings ... 

For B. ttibaei, the combination of lethal and suhlethal effects shows considerable potential to be exploited within the framework of an integrated pest management strategy. 

Boake, C.R.B., Shelly, T.E. and Kaneshiro, K.Y. (1996) Sexual selection in relation to pest-management strategies. Annual Review of Entomology 41, 211-229. 

Increasing resistance towards anthelmintics has also become evident with various parasites. The need for a more ecologically rational pest management strategy has refocused attention on natural products. The discovery in 1979 of the potent anthelmintic and insecticidal activity of the aver-mectins and milbemycins (eg 1, 2), structurally related 16-membered macrocycles from Streptomyces species [4], has stimulated a search for other new and specific naturally occurring anthelmintics. 

Andu ilamides exhibit exquisite differential selectivity toward insect, over mammalian receptors. Consequently, this chemistry offers a novel tool for characterization of pharmacological differences between vertebrate and invertebrate RyRs. More importantly, with the combined attributes of insect potency, novel mode of action, and insect selectivity, anthranilamides hold great promise for pest management strategies. 

Man has used natural products to fight insect pests competing for food and fiber and affecting his health for thousands of years. Some of the natural insecticides are minerals, which are mined, such as arsenic, diatomaceous earths, and borates. Other natural insecticides are derived from plant parts or plant extracts such as chrysanthemum flowers, pyrethrums, and nicotine. There has always been some risk associated with these pest management strategies, but when confronted with plague and pestilence, careful use of pesticides was deemed a better option than death from starvation or disease. 

The chemical profiling of parasitic wasps could be of great interest in their morphology and taxonomy definition. Moreover, certain species of these wasps in the family Braconidae have been assessed for a possible role in integrated pest management strategies, particularly in fruit fly control regimens. 

The equation below illustrates the application of dissolving-metal reduction in the synthesis of the sex pheromone of the spruce budworm, which is the most destructive pest to the spruce and fir forests of North America. The pheromone lure is employed at hundreds of sites in the United States and Canada as part of an integrated pest-management strategy (Section 12-17). The key reaction is reduction of 11-tetradecyn-l-ol to the corresponding trans alkenol. Subsequent oxidation to the aldehyde completes the synthesis. 

Fig. 18.1 Integrated pest management strategy for parasite infections in aqnacnlture how the components described in this chapter can be integrated into a coherent strategy which wUl minimise the use of chemotherapeutants.

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