Pest identification

Second, this emphasis on promoting service roles spoke directly to many potential members. Taxonomists rarely lack a service role in their employment. More specifically, Wharton assisted the U.S. Navy in pest identification and control during the war. Schmitt watched innumerable consultancies under way at the U.S. National Museum. In postwar America, professional societies of biologists with service roles dwarfed those with predominantly academic interests. The interest in mixing practical diagnostic taxonomy with discussions of systematic principles also arose in the only newsletter produced by the Society for the Study of Speciation in 1940. ... 

Agriculture Rop protection harvest timing and storage meat, seafood, and fish products plant production pre-and post-harvest diseases Homeland security safe food supply crop ripeness preservation treatments freshness contanuna-tion spoilage cultivar selection variety characteristics plant disease diagnoses pest identification detect non-indigenous pests of food crops... 

Abstract Animal pests are responsible for millions of pounds of damage to agricultural crops every year, although only a relatively small number of species in the animal kingdom are responsible. This chapter describes the structure of some common pests, identification characteristics, life-cycles and the type of damage that they can cause. There is a discussion on the various methods used to control pests as well as issues with pesticide resistance. Finally, there is a summary of the main pests found in UK crops, their symptoms and methods of control. 

Key words pests of farm crops, symptoms of pest damage, pest life-cycles, pest identification, methods of pest control. 

Before discussing the various methods used to control pests, it is important to understand something of the stracture of the pest, identification characteristics, life-cycles and type of damage that they can cause. 

The JPPA has its own research institute in Ibaraki prefecture and two experimental stations in Kochi and Miyazaki for conducting many types of research services to evaluate the performance of agrochemicals. The research institute and experimental stations have test fields, greenhouses and research laboratories with the capability for chemical analyses. The research institute also provides several services such as identification of virus diseases or other crop pests on plants. 

Identification of 9,12-tetradecadienyl (9,12-14) compounds began with studies on two cosmopolitan pests of stored products, the almond moth (Cadra cmtella, Pyralidae Phycitinae) and the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella, Phycitinae) [38,39]. This 9,12-14 structure has been reported from another 13 Pyralidae (only in Phycitinae) species and 11 Noctuidae species (9 species in Amphipyrinae, and 1 species each in Hadeninae and Plusiinae). These two families, however, are not closely related. Most likely, the females classified in distant groups happened to produce the same chemical in the train of their perpetual evolution of modifying the original systems for pheromone biosynthesis. The 5,7-dodecadienyl (5,7-12) structure is a carbon skeleton common... 

Parasitic hymenoptera hold promise in integrated pest management schemes, because they parasitize many economically important insect pests in a species-and stage-selective manner. The pheromones and kairomones of the parasitic hymenoptera have been studied for a long time, and there are many examples where there is evidence of chemical mediation of parasitoid behavior. This review emphasizes work done since the last major reviews [11, 12, 42] and, where it is available, on the primary bioassay-guided chemical identification of the semiochemical (Fig. 2 and Tables 3 and 4). 

With adequate resources and effort, the tools are available to chemically identify many more semiochemicals in Hymenoptera. Much is still to be understood about the chemically-mediated communication in this large and diverse insect order. In addition,because many hymenoptera are significant beneficial or pest insects, and the use of semiochemicals in the management and monitoring of insects is becoming standard, the identification of additional semiochemicals in Hymenoptera is an economically worthwhile endeavor. 

Nolan BT, Dubus IG, Surdyk N, Fowler HJ, Burton A, Hollis JM, Reichenberger S, Jarvis NJ (2008) Identification of key climatic factors regulating the transport of pesticides in leaching and to tile drains. Pest Manage Sci. doi 10.1002/ps,1587... 

Genna, R. L., Mordue, W., Pike, A. W., and Mordue (Luntz) A. J. (2004). Identification of semiochemicals involved in sea lice host location, and their potential use in pest control. In Annual Meeting of the International Society ofChemical Ecology, July 2004, Ottawa, Canada. 

While pheromones for many organisms have been elucidated and compilations are available, there remains considerable research activity on the isolation and identification of new pheromones. This work remains important since, if for no other reason, there are many important pests for which we still have not yet elucidated their pheromones. Even though there are well established methods for isolating tiny quantities of volatile... 

The synthesis of pheromones remains an important cornerstone of pheromone research and development. The initial synthesis of an insect pheromone serves not only to confirm the structural identification, but also provides authentic material for either laboratory or field bioassay. Oftentimes, larger quantities of the pheromones are desired for the development of monitoring and pest control methods. The scale up of the synthesis of complex pheromone compounds is often a major bottleneck in the practical application of pheromones. Also, the unusual structure of some pheromone compounds beckons synthetic chemists to apply new methodology in order to show off their methods. 

F. J. Ritter and C. J. Persoons, Isolation and Identification of Pheromones Integrated Control of Insect Pests in the Netherlands, p. 203. Pudoc, Wageningen, 1980. 

In conclusion it is evident that many research opportunities exist In the identification and characterization of new substances and evaluation of their ecological evolutionary and physiological significance. In a practical sense it can be hoped that some of these new compounds because of their novel mode of action may be useful for the control of phytophagous Insects as part of Integrated pest management programs. 

Kuwahara, Y., Ohshima, M., Sato, M., Kurosa, K., Matsuyama, S. and Suzuki, T. (1995a). Chemical ecology of astigmatid mites XL. Identification of the alarm pheromone and new C17 hydrocarbons from a Tortonia sp., a pest attacking the nest of Osmia cornifrones. Applied Entomology and Zoology 30 177-184. 

This study provided necessary information toward the chemical identification of the sex pheromone of P lata, which can then be used to monitor its population in relation to that of P. borealis, or as a means to control the cockroach itself, as it is an occasional indoor pest. We have carried out a similar study with Caudell s wood cockroach, Parcoblatta caudelli Hebard, and have demonstrated that in this species calling also is associated with pheromone release and that the sex pheromone is produced in tergites 1-7 (Gemeno et al, 2003b). 

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