Perspiration tests

Eor colorfastness to perspiration, ISO 10S-E04, the specimen is immersed in a solution of 0.5 g/L of 1-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate and 5 g/L sodium chloride buffered to either pH 8.0 (alkaH perspiration test) or pH 5.5 (acid perspiration test) in a dish at 50 1 Hquor-to-goods ratio, at room temperature for 30 min. The specimen is removed and, as in the water test EOl, left for 4 h between plates at 37°C before drying and assessing both test piece and adjacents. 

Table II. Transfer of Color from Fabric to Multifiber Test Strip in Colorfastness to Washing and Colorfastness to Perspiration Tests (Evaluated Using Gray Scale for Staining)...

Perspiration tests similarly indicated the presence of two dyestuffs. In the alkali solution, the yellow color seemed to be removed almost completely, leaving a pink-colored fabric. In the acidic solution, the yellow dye migrated to the wool, silk, and nylon sections of the multifiber test strips, staining these fibers a bright yellow shade. The pink color seemed to bleed minimally a small amount of color was transferred in the alkali solution tests, but generally this pink color remained comparatively very fast. 

Tests with laboratory-reared P. papatasi show that the duration of complete protection (no bites) provided by DEET, (9-ethoxy-W,A/-diethylbenzamide, (9-chloro-W,W-diethylbenzamide, or A/-butyryl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, averages at least 4 h, but perspiration contributes to a high rate of repellent loss... 

The SPE is defined as the ratio of the time required to produce a perceptible erythema on a site protected by a specified dose of the uv protectant product to the time required for minimal erythema development in the unprotected skin. An SPE of 8 indicates that the product allows a subject to expose the protected skin 8 times as long as the unprotected skin to produce the minimum erythema response. The measurement can be quite subjective unless skin color and the history of reactions to sun exposure of the test subjects are taken into account. The MED range for Caucasians at 300 nm averages 34 mj/cm. The range is 14—80 mj/cm. Perspiration or the use of artificial irradiation devices can create additional problems. 

The mechanism of antiperspinant action has not been fully estabHshed but probably is associated with blockage of ducts leading to the surface by protein denaturation by aluminum salts. The FDA has mandated that an antiperspinant product must reduce perspiration by at least 20% and has provided some guidelines for testing finished products. Some antiperspinant chemicals are Hsted in Table 14 (63). 

It would be desirable to make sample prototype tooling and analyze the flow effects on a product that is likely to present a flow problem. In addition to the usual physical testing of the product, the use of photo-stress analysis techniques plus the exposure to selected solvents to check for stress crack characteristics would lead to changes in the product to minimize the effects of the molding on the product performance. As an example there have been cases in the past where piano keys with frozen-in stresses have been released from perspiration, leaving open flow lines (Chapter 5, STRESS ANALYSIS). 

Cl Reactive Chromogen Perspiration (acid)/light Wearer trial ATTS test Light Xenon arc... 

In a further exploration of the relationship between dye structure and wet fastness on silk, four novel monoazo J acid derivatives (3.169 X = Xx to X4), including 3.168 (X = X2) made from 2-aminobenzophenone, were synthesised. Silk was dyed at pH 4 and 85 °C and the dyeings tested for fastness to washing, perspiration and dry cleaning. The highest allround fastness was shown by the 4 aminobenzophenone derivative (X = X4), a structure that resembles the anti-parallel pleated sheet arrangement of polypeptide chains in silk [183]. 

Researches have developed methods to test for HIV and estimate the amounts of infectious virus present in various body fluids and secretions. HIV can be isolated relatively easily from blood, semen, and vaginal/cervical secretions (including menstrual fluid). When blood and semen are examined closely, the great majority of HIV is associated with infected cells (mostly macrophages) present in these fluids. In blood, if the cells are removed, low levels of HIV are present in the cell-free serum. It has also been isolated from breast milk. With much greater difficulty, the virus has on occasion been isolated from saliva, tears, urine, perspiration, and feces. 

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. A subdivision of chemistry that deals with the behavior and composition of all types of body fluids, including the blood, urine, perspiration, glandular secretions, etc. It involves analysis and testing of these for content of numerous melabolic constituents, as well as foreign materials thus it also includes toxicological factors. 

Fastness against perspiration. This test is carried out in two ways. (a) The material is dipped into a solution of 10 grams of common salt in distilled water and then left to dry at the ordinary temperature, the degrees of fastness with reference to this treatment being I, colour greatly altered III, colour somewhat altered V, no change. 

This probe has been fabricated and used for the determination of sodium chloride in perspiration, as with the test for detection of cystic fibrosis (Bezegh et al., 1988) The constant in (6.73) accounts for nonideality and differences in the two ISFETs. 

For this portion of the study, specimens cut from the unused fabric were subjected to separate tests, following methods specified by the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (A.A.T.C.C.), to determine its reaction to washing, drycleaning, light, perspiration, and crocking, as well as the fabric s tendency to transfer color to other fibers in solutions. 

Colorfastness to Perspiration. Two specimens of the dress fabric were basted to separate squares of multifiber test fabric squares, according to A.A.T.C.C. Test Method 15-1975. One was immersed in an acid solution and the other in an alkaline solution for 20 min each. After wetting, the specimens were blotted between paper toweling to absorb... 

Yellow Dyestuff. The yellow-producing dyestuff is suspected to be an acid dye, primarily because its behavior responses to the A.A.T.C.C. tests parallel those typical of this class of dyes, as outlined by Corbman (17). The poor washfastness, tendency to bleed easily, and fair perspiration fastness exhibited by this yellow component are distinctly like those of the acid dyes. The historic textile, moreover, demonstrates the acid dye s typically excellent resistance to crocking. This yellow color was transferred to wool, silk, and nylon—all of which have an affinity for acid dyes. 

The second type of test is intended to simulate extraction of formaldehyde by perspiration. This test determines mainly the free formaldehyde that is dissolved in the test liquid during a direct extraction. The test liquid can be water only or water with specific additives like wetting agents or buffer salts. Some of the more important formaldehyde analysis methods are given in Table 5.9. 

High-resolution analyzers have been used to determine the molecular constituents of urine and blood serum as well as other body fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid, perspiration, saliva, and amniotic fluid. Well over 300 molecular constituents can apparently be separated by a combination of all four types of analyzers however, many of the separated components have not actually been isolated and identified by spectral and chemical tests. 

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