Penetration Control

Upon the deposition of ink droplets on a recording medium, a transient penetration period occurs in which the surfactant is selectively and preferentially penetrated into the recording medium (12). Thus, the relative amount of the surfactant in ink droplets, which stay on the surface of the recording medium, is reduced. In this transient penetration period, it is considered that the surface tension of the ink 

Coconut oil fatty acid amidopropyldimethylaminoacetic acid betaine Polyoctyl polyaminoethyl glycine Imidazoline derivatives 

Polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether Polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether Polyoxyethylene dodecylphenyl ether Polyoxyethylene oleic acid Sorbitan laurate Sorbitan monostearate Dimethyl polysiloxane 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol 3,6-DimethyI-4-octyne-3,6-diol 3,5-Dimethyl-l-hexyne-3-ol 

In particular, when a conventional ink that contains an atkanediol is applied to the printing paper, the thickness of the ink receptive layer is so small that the amoimt of ink absorption into the recording medium is lower than the ink absorption amount in a specialty paper for inkjet recording. This results in a deteriorated color reproducibility. 

However, when two specific alkanediols, a water-soluble 1,2-alk-anediol and a water-insoluble alkanediol, are added, even in a transient penetration period where the relative amount of the surfactant has been reduced, a rapid increase in surface tension can be suppressed (12). Suitable water-soluble and water-insoluble alkanediols are summarized in Table 3.5. 

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Kabalnov described water-based inkjet ink compositions that are miniemulsions, i.e., an aqueous vehicle having emulsified oil particles with dissolved dye molecules, where the oil droplets have a diameter of less than 1 m. In his patent, Kabalnov mentioned the advantages of miniemulsions in comparison to microemulsions, namely the surfactant nature and concentration which allow better penetration control to the printed papers, and the dye load in miniemulsions can also be increased compared to microemulsions at acceptable viscosity limits. According to this invention, the aqueous inkjet ink composition is comprised of an oil-soluble dye, a solvent, and an aqueous vehicle wherein particles of the oil-soluble dye are dissolved in low-polarity oil particles having a particle size of less than 1 m, the particles forming miniemulsions in water. 

High crosslink density at the irradiated surface (depth of penetration controlled by monomer diffusion)... 

Water penetration controlled Osmotic systems ySwelling systems... 

AirDye controlledpenetration - Using our proprietary Sibius dyes, penetration is deeper. Colors are richer and colorfastness is better. Penetration control is used with Dye Contrast, Print 2 Dye, and Print to Print products, including AirDye wovens. 

The effect of Triton X-100 on the current-voltage curve of the iron (III)-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid complex has been explained as follows [226] at low levels of surfactant the mercury is only partly covered by surfactant and the reversible reduction proceeds at the uncovered portions of the undisturbed surface and at the covered areas a penetration-controlled reaction occurs. As the Triton concentration is increased so the penetration-controlled reaction contribution increases. When the coverage is complete only the second wave is observed on the polarogram. The shift in the half-wave potential with increasing surfactant concentration is probably due to increased adsorbed layer thickness and is shown along with the polarograms and electrocapillary capillary curves in the absence and presence of Triton X-100 in Fig. 11.35. 

Better well control allows at-balance or even underbalanced drilling, resulting in higher penetration rates and reduced potential for formation damage. 

The aim of the work we present in this paper is to optimize the control parameters used in particles magnetic and interpret the obtained results. Experiments are performed on samples of welds or materials containing known defects. The realized and tested defects are grooves situated at different depths with variables dimensions. Other types of defects have been studied (inclusions, lack of penetration, etc.). 

In this paper, the performanees of laser-ultrasound are estimated in order to identify lacks of weld penetration. The laser-ultrasonic technique is applied to cylindrical metallic strucmres (few mm thick) in a single-sided control. The results obtained for different materials (gold-nickel alloy and tantalum) are presented by B-sean views for which the control configuration is discussed with regard to the thermal effects at the laser impact. This testing is performed for different lacks of weld penetration (up to 0.5 mm for a thickness of 2 mm) even in the presence of the weld bead, which corresponds to an actual industrial problem. 

This paper deals with the control of weld depth penetration for cylinders in gold-nickel alloy and tantalum. After introducing the experimental set-up and the samples description, the study and the optimization of the testing are presented for single-sided measurements either in a pulse-echo configuration or when the pump and the probe laser beams are shifted (influence of a thermal phenomenon), and for different kind of laser impact (a line or a circular spot). First, the ultrasonic system is used to detect and to size a flat bottom hole in an aluminium plate. Indeed, when the width of the hole is reduced, its shape is nearly similar to the one of a slot. Then, the optimization is accomplished for... 

Then, the weld depths penetration are controlled in a pulse-echo configuration because the weld bead (of width 2 mm) disturbs the detection when the pump and the probe beams are shifted of 2.2 mm. The results are presented in figure 8 (identical experimental parameters as in figure 7). The slow propagation velocities for gold-nickel alloy involve that the thermal component does not overlap the ultrasonic components, in particular for the echo due to the interaction with a lack of weld penetration. The acoustic response (V shape) is still well observed both for the slot of height 1.7 mm and for a weld depth penetration of 0.8 mm (lack of weld penetration of 1.7 mm), even with the weld bead. This is hopeful with regard to the difficulties encountered by conventional ultrasound in the case of the weld depths penetration. 

The weld depths penetration for gold-nickel alloy and tantalum cylinders have been well controlled by an entirely contactless ultrasound method. Nevertheless, the development of signal and image processing will allow to increase the resolution of the ultrasonic images. Moreover, in order to be able to size quite well the lacks of weld penetration, the simulation of the interaction beam-defect is presently developed in our laboratory. 

Small molecules can penetrate and penneate tlirough polymers. Because of this property, polymers have found widespread use in separation teclmology, protection coating, and controlled delivery [53]. The key issue in these applications is the selective penneability of the polymer, which is detennined by the diffusivity and the solubility of a given set of low-molecular-weight compounds. The diffusion of a small penetrant occurs as a series of jumps... 

In each of these approaches, imaging is confined to the top of a single polymeric film by adjusting optical absorption. The penetration depth of the silylation agent and the attendant swelling of the polymer film must also be controlled to avoid distortion of the silylated image. Resists of this type are capable of very high resolution (Fig. 37). 

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