Permanent faults

Permanent fault It is a persistent fault say due to failure of a component/ subsystem, for example, input short circuit. 

Permanent faults Permanent faults are caused by failures of components. This type fault is persistent and continues to exist until the faulty component is repaired or replaced. These faults are easier to diagnose but normally require more rigorous correction than transient faults. A computer disk crash is an example. 

In this example, same calculations are repeated on the same processor and with the same software version. This is possible because the transient failure does not lead to a permanent fault. It should be noted that the described measures do not protect from permanent or systematic failures. 

The FIU supports two different fault modes transient and permanent. Transient faults are temporary misbehaviors, so their configuration requires to specify a duration. Instead, permanent faults only need to specify their trigger time, as these faults are assumed to remain active until the simulation ends. 

An important point will also be setting up an acceptable safe state. Typically, the reset is used. This will compel a set of complete self-tests during initialization of the microcontroller to ensure error detection and remain in permanent reset without restarting the application in case of permanent fault. 

Permanent translation (fling) is a consequence of permanent fault displacement due to an earthquake it appears in the form of step displacement and one-sided velocity pulse in the strike-parallel direction for strike-slip faults or in the strike-normal direction for dip-slip faults. In the latter case, directivity and permanent translation effects build up in the same direction. Figure 3 illustrates characteristic examples of permanent translation (fling) from the 1999 Izmit earthquake. The fault-parallel velocity and displacement time histories recorded at Yarimca (YPT) and Sakarya (SKR) stations are affected by the permanent displacement along the right-lateral strike-slip North Anatolian Fault. 

The harmonic content may be measured through harmonic analysers and expressed as a percentage of the fundamental component. The cuiTent and voltage ratings of the reactors will depend upon their application. A series reactor connected permanently in the circuit, for instance, will be rated continuously and for full system voltage, whereas a reactor used in the ground circuit may be short-time rated and rated for the likely maximum ground fault current. 

Slickensides are easily observable shiny planes of weakness along which movement occurs in shrink-swell medium-to-heavy clay soils. These are shearing faults, which exist permanently in wet or dry expansive clays. They take the form of cracked, polished, or grooved surfaces, ranging from 10 mm to 200 mm across. Slickensides often run through the soil mass in many directions and may break the structure up into bowl-shaped blocks. They can move up to 25 mm per year. Hence, the frequency and size of slickensides present can quantify the potential capacity of the soil to shrink and swell (i.e., develop cracks when dry). Soils or soil layers with slickensides are highly impermeable to water movement, especially when they are moist and root growth is restricted. 

Once this procedure is complete, the user has a permanent record of Raman shift accuracy, absolute instrument response, and instrument response function for a given experimental session. Over time, these periodic records provide an indication of instrumental drift and performance changes. In addition, they may be checked at a future date if a particular sample appears to deviate from expected behavior. If the instrument was at fault, the daily qualification spectra may provide insight into the origin of the deviation. 

If a concessionary batch performs satisfactorily in all areas, this information could allow permanent modification to the specification, or revision to the defect rating of that particular fault. This will not always be desirable when the production requirements are for a tight specification to aid high-speed line performances. 

The inquiry was headed by Clement Attlee, leader of the Labour Party and Lord Privy Seal in the coalition government. He traced the fault to Sir William Brown, Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Supply, but wrote that it would not be right to attribute to any one individual the responsibility for failure . Brown kept his job.17... 

Gas, such as carbon dioxide, discharges over seismically active faults often links to a long-term, permanent phenomenon which indicates that active faults are characterized by a high permeability and act as preferential conduits in the cmst. This permeability in fault gouges and intensely sheared zones can generate complex geochemical patterns in soil atmosphere. This characteristic is employed to search for active faults as well as for monitoring, in seismic and volcanic areas,... 

The procedure initially developed by Lee (1974) and later refined by Chaney (1979,1980) and Makdisi et al. (1978) involved the concept that permanent seismic deformations of a slope may be computed by evaluating dynamic-induced softened pseudo slope stiffness values for soil elements with the resultant settling of the slope to a new condition being compatible with pseudo or apparent stress-strain properties of the soils comprising the slope. Figure 11.17 shows an example of the use of the permanent deformation method for evaluating the deformation of the continental slope off Flaifa, Israel, under earthquake loading from a transform fault on the Jordan rift valley. 

Worker s compensation programs were introduced around the start of the twentieth century in various nations. These programs are a no-fault insurance system in which an injured worker receives medical and compensation benefits regardless of the causes of the job-related accident. If the injury or illness is job related, the injured worker receives medical benefits and, if eligible, temporary compensation for loss of earning power. In some cases, the injured worker may also receive permanent compensation and job retraining. In return, lawsuits against the employer, except under very limited circumstances, are not permitted. 

Whereas an action generally takes place over a short period of time, conditions can exist for much longer. For example, the action operator opened valve is essentially instantaneous, whereas the condition valve existed may have been present for many years before the operator took his action. Other conditions, such as the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere, are permanent (in fault tree parlance events of this type are referred to as House Events ). 

Safety Mechanisms are identified by the hazard analyses in two ways either they are in support of an Operating Rule that has been identified in the analyses, or they can be shown to be a key instrument. A key instrument is one that if removed or permanently in the failed state would cause the estimated fault frequency to exceed the frequency target of a specified criterion. 

One of the most effective safety practices, as well as one highly conducive to productivity, is a definite scheduled program of preventive maintenance. Each item of equipment should be periodically removed from service, carefully inspected and calibrated, any faults or indications of deterioration repaired, and tagged with the date of review and the name of the maintenance person, if more than one technician could have been responsible. A permanent file or maintenance log on each major item of equipment is useful for identifying trends or weak components. 

Vertical movement may develop either by permanent movement in the form of settlement (also known as faulting) or by dynamic movement caused by passing traffic usually associated with mud pumping. Evaluation of faulting may be carried out by using AASHTO R 36 (2013). 

Our work is substantially different from the previous work. First, we support different execution schemes such as lockstepped execution and implicit multithreading, switching the context with each latency. Latencies can be memory accesses and conditional branches. We assume two redundant instruction streams, ideally executing on a Simultaneous Multithreaded (SMT) [17] processor. With simple methods, faults can be detected [18]. Note that we do not deal with the detection of faults. Thus, our work is completely different from the work of Austin [15][16]. Austin uses a master-checker model to detect permanent and design faults. Our work solely handles the recovery from transient faults. Furthermore, Austin dedicates a whole additional checker processor to do the work. We use different parts within an existing SMT processor and additional registers. 

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