Permanent

Ultimately, the process might be permanently shut down or given a major revamp. This marks the end of the project, H. If the process is shut down, working capital is recovered, and there may be salvage value, which would create a final cash inflow at the end of the project. 

Alnico alloys Alloys containing Al, Ni, Co and Fe. Used for permanent magnets. 

Analysis of Permanent Gases and Noncondensable Hydrocarbons by Gas Phase Chromatography... 

The most commonly encountered permanent gases are CO2, H2S, and N2 associated with gas or crude oil production and N2, CO, H2, and O2 found in refining and petrochemicals. 

Exploration activities are potentially damaging to the environment. The cutting down of trees in preparation for an onshore seismic survey may result in severe soil erosion in years to come. Offshore, fragile ecological systems such as reefs can be permanently damaged by spills of crude or mud chemicals. Responsible companies will therefore carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to activity planning and draw up contingency plans should an accident occur. In Section 4.0 a more detailed description of health, safety and environmental considerations will be provided. 

Permanent downhole pressure recording is becoming more common tor critical wells. 

From the cash flow and cumulative cashflow some basic economic indicators can be determined. The cashflow determines the economic lifetime of the field. When the cashflow turns permanently negative due to decreasing revenues (e.g. revenues are... 

In Section 13.2, a number of economic indicators were derived from the annual cash flow the most useful being the economic life of the project, determined when the annual cashflow becomes permanently negative. 

Reservoir pressure is measured in selected wells using either permanent or nonpermanent bottom hole pressure gauges or wireline tools in new wells (RFT, MDT, see Section 5.3.5) to determine the profile of the pressure depletion in the reservoir. The pressures indicate the continuity of the reservoir, and the connectivity of sand layers and are used in material balance calculations and in the reservoir simulation model to confirm the volume of the fluids in the reservoir and the natural influx of water from the aquifer. The following example shows an RFT pressure plot from a development well in a field which has been producing for some time. 

The economic lifetime was introduced in Section 13.3, and was defined as the point at which the annual cashflow turned permanently negative. This is the time at which income from production no longer exceeds the costs of production, and marks the point when decommissioning should occur, since it does not make economic sense to continue to run a loss-making venture. Technically, the production of hydrocarbons could continue beyond this point but only by accepting financial losses. There are two ways to defer decommissioning ... 

The basic aim of a decommissioning programme is to render all wells permanently safe and remove most, if not all, surface (or seabed) signs of production activity. How completely a site should be returned to its green field state, is a subject for discussion between government, operator and the public. 

Both coils are constructed in the same way, geometry and number of windings are equal. A permanent sinus current flows through these coils and excites an electromagnetic field around each coils. 

Manual ultrasonic testing offers the advantages of low equipment cost combined with the flexibility of the human operator to provide good access and complex scanning capability. However, a total reliance on the capabilities of the ultrasonic technician to visualise the physical situation leads to a number of drawbacks, including lack of accuracy and consistency of defect size and location measurements, lack of verification that the required scan coverage has been fully achieved, and lack of consistency in flaw classification. A further disadvantage is that the ultrasonic data is not permanently recorded there is therefore no opportunity for the data to be re-examined at a later date if required. 

Energetic analysis shows the dependence of using magnetie materials from relation of coercive force on magnetization to remanent induction. The permanent magnets... 

Evaluation and calibration. A piece of tube was rotated around its own axis during four channel wall thickness mea.surements (Figure 7). The four traces are not identical A rotation apart as should be expected. The calibrations of the four equipment s from the manufacture was not the same. Especially one of the traces has less dynamic than the other three. Based on these observations a dynamic calibration system was suggested using a tube, which could be rotated around its own axis in the measuring system. The values should be verified using traditional mechanical measurement around the tube circumference. The prototype system was permanently installed in the workshop at the production hall. Experimental work was more difficult under such circumstances so our participation in the development work stopped. 

Pressure Equipment Directive. Principles and Requirements Related to Permanent Joining. 

The requirements covering manufacturing include all relevant steps for that task. Of particular importance are requirements in relation to permanent joining, for which both qualified... 

The recognised third party organisations can be notified by the Member States to the Commission and the other Member States for the earrying out of approvals related to the qualification of personnel and procedures for permanent joining and for the qualification of personnel for non-destructive testing. 

This RCCA inspection methods has now already proven it s reliability as an industrial solution on two Belgian power plants (Doel 3 and Tihange 1). Thanks to the graphical programming language, each site feedback is immediately injected. This way of working ensures a permanent improvement of the analysis system, and a reduction in manpower for the analysis. 

A development project has been initiated with the aim of providing a radiotracer method that ultimately can be implemented as a routine calibration method for permanently installed multiphase flowmeters. The project is supported by a research grant from the Danish Ministry of Energy. 

Buckingham A D 1967 Permanent and induced molecular moments and long-range intermolecular forces Adv. Chem. Phys. 12 107... 

Maudsley A A, Filial S K, Perman W FI and Simon FI E 1983 Spatially resolved high-resolution spectroscopy by 4-dimensional NMR J. Magn. Reson. 51 147-52... 

Yu J and Berg M 1992 Solvent-electronic state interactions measured from the glassy to the liquid state. I. Ultrafast transient and permanent hole burning in glycerol J. Chem. Phys. 96 8741-9... 

Blanton S A ef a/1997 Dielectric dispersion measurements of CdSe nanocrystals colloids observations of a permanent dipole moment Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 865... 

---