Periodontal disease gingivitis

Ghlorhexidine Gluconate. Chlorhexidine gluconate [18472-51 -0] (l,l -hexamethylene bis[5-(p-chlorophenyl) biguanide] di-D-gluconate) is used as an antimicrobial against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria ia the oral cavity. It is used as a therapeutic supplement ia the treatment of gingivitis, periodontal disease, and dental caries. A mouth riase form is available as a 0.12 wt% aqueous solution (288). 

Cimasoni G, ishikawa i and Jaccard F (1977) Enzyme activity in the gingival crevice, in The borderland between caries and periodontal disease (ed. Lehner T), pp. 13-41. Academic, London UK. 

Trench mouth (necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis), also called Vincent s infection, usually affects young adults and is considered a form of periodontal disease. If untreated, it can lead to the loss of gum tissue and eventually loss of teeth. Today, there are more effective treatments for trench mouth than KMnO,. 

During adolescence gingivitis is almost universal, and in adulthood it affects approximately 50% of the population. Because of the frequent appearance of gingivitis, this disease remains a principal concern for the dentist, since it can convert to other more destructive forms of periodontal disease. Hence, the prevention or cure of gingivitis is of particular interest. 

A host of bioadhesive controlled release systems have been proposed in recent years. Among the most commonly studied applications of bioadhesive materials is the area of buccal controlled delivery [408], The buccal delivery of small peptides from bioadhesive polymers was studied by Bodde and coworkers [409], and a wide range of compositions based on poly(butyl acrylate) and/or poly(acrylic acid) gave satisfactory performance. Bioadhesive poly(acrylic add)-based formulations have also been used for oral applications [402,410] for the sustained delivery of chlorothiazide [410] and for a thin bioadhesive patch for treatment of gingivitis and periodontal disease [411]. Other bioadhesive applications of polyelectrolytes include materials for ophthalmic vehicles [412,413], and systems for oral [410,414,415-419], rectal [420,421] vaginal [422] and nasal [423] drug delivery. 

The synergistic effects of fluorinated quinolones plus aminoglycosides has been reported in Pseudomonas aeruginosa [36]. A synergistic effect in the treatment of gingivitis and periodontal disease could be seen in both dogs and cats when metronidazole was combined with spiramycin [44]. 

A number of devices aid in the removal of plaque from surfaces between teeth, around bridgework, and in other areas that are difficult to reach. The limitation of many of these devices is that they are effective for control of supragingival plaque but, at best, can remove subgingival plaque only to a depth of few millimeters. Therefore, they are of minimal value against subgingival plaque located deeper within the gingival crevice, as is the case in periodontal disease. 

One genus of amoebae responsible for a number of diseases are the Entamoeba, found particularly in the gastrointestinal tract of humans, E. histolytica invades and destroys the tissues of the gut wall causing amoebic dysentery and ulceration of the gut wall. Infection of the liver by this species causes amoebic hepatitis, E. gingivalis, found within the spaces between the teeth, is associated with periodontal disease and gingivitis. 

Dental plaque results when cariogenic bacteria aggregate in colonies on the surface of teeth and form a tenacious deposit thereon. The presence of plaque on teeth is believed to be a precursor to the development of gingivitis, dental caries, and periodontal disease. 

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) A severe form of periodontal disease. 

Therapeutic agents against caries, tartar, bacteria (plaque, gingivitis, bad breath, periodontal disease), sensitive teeth... 

Suzuki, J., Tokiwa, T., Mochizuki, M. 2008. Effects of a newly designed toothbrush for the application of periodontal disease treatment medicine (Hinopron) on the plaque removal and the improvement of gingivitis. 50 30-38. 

Periodontics. The field of dentistry called periodontics studies the bone and connective tissues that surround the teeth. Periodontics also involves the placement of dental implants. Periodontists prevent, diagnose, and treat periodontal disorders and infections, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Most periodontal diseases are inflammatory in nature, as are some cardiovascular diseases, and a connection between these two disease states has prompted physicians and periodontists to work together to treat patients at risk for either condition. 

Dietary factors appear to be of less importance in periodontal disease which results from gingivitis, an inflammatory condition produced by local irritants. The dietary consistency is, however, of some importance since foods that have a firm consistency increase the gingival circulation and promote keratinization of the epithelium. The formation of a thick horny layer provides protection against chemical and bacterial irritants, but if the diet is excessively coarse and granular it can have an adverse effect by causing inflammation through over-use or actual injury to the periodontal tissue. 

High proportions in plaque (4-80% of total organisms) especially common in the gingival region. Weakly acidogenic but can cause root caries and periodontal disease in animals. Form basic plaque community along with streptococci. A. israelii causes actinomycosis. 

First appearance in early teens and associated with periodontal disease. Anaerobic metabolism obtaining essential nutrients from the blood and gingival fluid, e.g. putrescine, spermine and isobutyrate. Also ferment amino acids to acetate, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. Invade tissues and are highly pathogenic. Represent 2% of total organisms in healthy tissues and about 40% in periodontal disease. 

Figure 35.10 The sequence of events initiated by supragingival plaque in the development of gingivitis, subgingival plaque, subgingival calculus and periodontal disease...

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