Gingival fluid

IL-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of (1) rheumatoid arthritis (RA), (2) septic shock, (3) periodontitis, (4) malignancy, (5) asbestosis, (6) tuberculosis, and (7) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Its presence has also been correlated with disease activity or differential diagnosis (synovial fluids, gingival fluids, or even serum). For example, patients with nonallergic bronchial asthma were characterized by increased levels of IL-1 and IL-6 produced by monocytes. 

Bacterial catabolism of oral food residue is probably responsible for a higher [NHj] in the oral cavity than in the rest of the respiratory tract.Ammonia, the by-product of oral bacterial protein catabolism and subsequent ureolysis, desorbs from the fluid lining the oral cavity to the airstream.. Saliva, gingival crevicular fluids, and dental plaque supply urea to oral bacteria and may themselves be sites of bacterial NH3 production, based on the presence of urease in each of these materials.Consequently, oral cavity fNTi3)4 is controlled by factors that influence bacterial protein catabolism and ureolysis. Such factors may include the pH of the surface lining fluid, bacterial nutrient sources (food residue on teeth or on buccal surfaces), saliva production, saliva pH, and the effects of oral surface temperature on bacterial metabolism and wall blood flow. The role of teeth, as structures that facilitate bacterial colonization and food entrapment, in augmenting [NH3J4 is unknown. 

Gingival crevicular fluid Liquid found in gingival crevices located around... 

Tervahartiala T, Konttinen YT, Ingman T, Hayrinen-Immonen R, Ding Y and Sorsa T (1996) Cathepsin G in gingival tissue and crevicular fluid in adult periodontitis. J Clin Period 23, 68-75. 

Gonzales, J. R., Hermann, J. M., Boedeker, R. H., Francz, P. L, Biesalski, H. K., and Meyle, J. (2001). Concentration of interleukin-1 p and neutrophil elastase activity in gingival crevi-cular fluid during experimental gingivitis. /. Clin. Periodontol. 28,544—549. 

Yamaguchi M, Takada R, Kambe S, Hatakeyama T, Naitoh K, Yamazaki K, Kobayashi M. Evaluation of time-course changes of gingival crevicular fluid glucose levels in diabetics. 

Takahashi K, Mooney J, Frandsen EV, Kinane DF. IgG and IgA subclass mRNA-bearing plasma cells in periodontitis gingival tissue and immunoglobulin levels in the gingival crevicular fluid. Clin Exp Immunol 1997 107(l) 158-65. 

Hochman N, Zakay-Rones Z, Shohat H, et al. Antibodies to cytomegalo and Epstein-Barr viruses in human saliva and gingival fluid. New Microbiol 1998 21(2) 131-9. 

A network of antimicrobial salivary defense includes numerous salivary proteins. Although some defense molecules are present in a rather low concentration in whole sahva, it should be considered that local concentrations of these proteins nearby the mucosal surfaces (mucosal transudate), periodontal sulcus (gingival crevicular fluid), and oral wounds and ulcers (transudate) may be much greater (2). Furthermore, the effects are addable, synergistic, and in many cases reinforced by immune and/or inflammatory reactions (2, 16, 17). 

Gordon, J.M. Walker, C.B. Murphy, C.J. Goodson, J.M. Socransky, S.S. Tetracycline levels achievable in gingival crevice fluid and in vitro effect on subgingival organisms. Part I. concentrations in crevicular fluid after repeated doses. J. Periodontol. 1981, 52, 609-612. 

Pfab et al. (1996) reported a case of a 44-year-old man who ingested 83 mg/kg Thiomersal in a suicide attempt (5 g/60 kg). Thiomersal is a widely used alkyl-aryl-organomercurial bactericide. The man developed gastritis, renal tubular failure, dermatitis, gingivitis, delirium, coma, polyneuropathy, and respiratory failure. Treatment was symptomatic plus gastric lavage and the oral chelation with dimercaptopropane sulfonate and dimercaptosuccinic acid. The patient s condition was at its worst on day 17 however, the patient recovered completely (after several months). Maximum mercury concentrations were blood, 14 mg/L serum, 1.7 mg/L urine, 10.7 mg/L and cerebrospinal fluid,... 

Analysis of in vivo-formed pellicle by a combination of electrophoretic separation and MALDI-TOF showed the presence of intact histatin 1, cystatin SN, statherin, lysozyme, albumin and amylase [15, 39], In addition, intact cytokeratins 13 and 15 and calgranulin B were identified as components of the salivary pellicle layer for the first time using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry [15]. Calgranulin B has been shown to be a component of saliva and gingival crevicular fluid [15]. The identification of cytokeratins in the salivary pellicle layer points to the oral epithelium as one of the sources of proteins adsorbed on the tooth surface. 

By contrast, beneath a healthy gingival sulcus, there is an intermittent flow of proteins from serum, blood plasma proteins in which clotting has been inactivated (Sect. 11.4.1). This exudate of serum proteins, the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), provides a sulcus that is richer in proteins than saliva and an environment that is more suited for an asaccharo-lytic microbiota (Sect. 13.1.2). Asaccharolytic bacteria secrete proteases that digest proteins to small peptides, which they digest (ferment) in the cytosol. 

Table 13.1 Interstitial and gingival crevicular fluid composition ...

In gingivitis, IL-1 production by PAMP activation of external and cytosolic PRRs is maximal within the junctional epithelium. As little as 0.1 ng/mL of IL-1 will bind to and activate IL-1 receptors in capillary endothelium where they (a) Open intercellular junctions allowing plasma to exude (b) Promote secretion of plasminogen activator to prevent the plasma fluid exudate from clotting in the stroma (Sect. 11.4.2) (c) Induce intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) to arrest and transfer neutrophils from blood to the exudate and D) Induce TNF-a to enhance ICAM-1 and VEGF production. 

Cl 6. Charon, J. A., Luger, T. A., Mergenhagen, S. E., and Oppenheim, J. J. Increased thymocyteactivating factor in human gingival fluid during gingival inflammation. Infect. Immun. 38, 1190-1195 (1982). 

Experimental data together with the fact that resorcinolic lipids are nontoxic to higher animals, for example, they are tolerated by rats with an oral intake of 5g/kg ([204] and Kozubek, unpublished work) has resulted in the application of these compounds, as basic components in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. These preparations were found to be useful in the treatment of mouth and gingival infections, as antifungal fluids, in antiacne and also in hair restoration-lotion preparations [309,312,314]. 

Certain antimicrobial dmgs are actively transported into infection sites. The active transport of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines by gingival fibroblasts into gingival fluid is an example. ... 

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