Graphene nanoparticles

Chen, W., et ah, Self-assembly and embedding of nanoparticles by in situ reduced graphene for preparation of a 3D graphene/nanoparticle aerogel. Advanced Materials, 2011. 23(47) p. 5679-5683. 

Yang, B., et al., Embedding graphene nanoparticles into poly (N, N -dimethylacrylamine) to prepare transparent nanocomposite films with high refractive index. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012. 22(39) p. 21218-21224. 

Keywords Solar cells, organic photovoltaics (OPVs), quantum confinement effect (QCE), conjugated polymers, nanocomposites, blends, quantum dots (QDs), nanocrystals, nanorods, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, nanoparticles, alternating copolymers, block copolymers, exdton diffusion length, short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, fill factor, photoconversion efficiency, in-situ polymerization... 

At the end of the debundling process, aqueous surfactant-CNT dispersions not only contain dispersed and mostly exfoliated CNTs, covered by surfactant molecules and detectable by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Also present are carboneous impurities such as graphene nanoparticles or amorphous carbon, catalyst particles, and possibly some bundles of CNTs that were not exfoliated. 

MWCNT synthesized by catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon does not contain nanoparticle nor amorphous carbon and hence this method is suitable for mass production. The shape of MWCNT thus produced, however, is not straight more often than that synthesized by arc-discharge method. This differenee could be aseribed to the strueture without pentagons nor heptagons in graphene sheet of the MWCNT synthesized by the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon, which would affect its electric conductivity and electron emission. 

The growth of various nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanorods, and most recently graphene. 

It is necessary to disperse the nanomaterials in the best possible manner, especially those layered structures such as graphite, graphene or clays. It is important to obtain very thin (ca. one nanometer) and very wide (ca. 500 nanometers) nanostructures dispersed in the polymer matrices to achieve optimal gas permeability and to improve their mechanical properties without affecting structural quality, using a small amount of the nanomaterial. The particle orientation also has an important effect on the properties of the nanocomposite. Nanoparticles need to be dispersed within the polymer so that are parallel to the material s surface. This condition ensures a maximum tor-... 

The majority of studies have used surfactants that wrap around nanocarbons via van der Waals interactions [37]. For instance, surfactants such as sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) are commonly used to disperse CNTs in aqueous solutions [38,39] while other surfactants, such as Pluorinc-123, are used to mechanically exfoliate graphene from graphite flakes (Fig. 5.4(a)) [40,41]. The polar head group of the surfactant can be used to further hybridize the nanocarbon via a range of covalent or noncovalent interactions [42]. For example, nanoparticles of Pt [43,44] and Pd [45] have been decorated onto SDS-wrapped MWCNTs. Similarly, Whitsitt et al. evaluated various surfactants for their ability to facilitate the deposition of Si02 NPs onto SWCNTs [46,47]. As an exam-... 

Yang, C., et al., Conjugates of graphene oxide covalently linked ligands and gold nanoparticles to construct silver ion graphene paste electrode. Talanta, 2012. 97(0) p. 406-413. 

Zheng, J., et al., DNA as a linker for biocatalytic deposition ofAu nanoparticles on graphene and its application in glucose detection. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011. 21(34) ... 

Zhou, X.S., et al., Self-assembled nanocomposite of silicon nanoparticles encapsulated in graphene through electrostatic attraction for lithium-ion batteries. Advanced Energy Materials, 2012. 2(9) p. 1086-1090. 

Sreejith, S., X. Ma, and Y. Zhao, Graphene oxide wrapping on squaraine-loadedmesoporous silica nanoparticles for bioimaging. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2012.134(42) p. 17346-17349. 

Niu, Z., et al., Electrophoretic build-up of alternately multilayered films and micropatterns based on graphene sheets and nanoparticles and their applications in flexible supercapacitors. Smaii, 2012. 8(20) p. 3201-3208. 

Hu, Y., et al., Green-synthesized gold nanoparticles decorated graphene sheets for label-free electrochemical impedance DNA hybridization biosensing. Biosensors and Bioelectronics,... 

Narayanan, R., M. Deepa, and A.K. Srivastava, Nanoscale connectivity in a Ti02/CdSe quantum dots/functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets/Au nanoparticles composite for enhanced photoelectrochemical solar cell performance. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2012.14(2) p. 767-778. 

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