Oxidation encapsulants

L.L. Carpenter et al, Manufacturing Methods for Oxidizer Encapsulation , Union Carbide Corp for Air Force Materials Laboratory, Technical Report AFML-TR-68-144 (June 1968) [Declassified on 31 Dec 1974]... 

Ikeda, S., Kobayashi, H., Ikoma, Y., Harada, T., Yamazaki, S., and Matsumura.M. (2009) Structural effects of titanium(IV) oxide encapsulated in a hollow silica shell on photocatalytic activity for gas-phase decomposition of organics. Applied Catalysis A General, 369 (1-2), 113-118. 

Figure 9. Schematic illustration of the growth process of hie encapsulated sulfide—oxide nanowhisker, which leads eventually to die formation of hollow WS2 nanotubes when die sulfidization process is completed (a) initialization of die sulfidization process of die asymmetric oxide nanoparticle (b) growth of a long sulfide—oxide encapsulated nanowhisker (c) enlargment of the 001 R CS planes exhibiting within one CS plane regions of edge-sharing octahedra (8a).

Figure 49 Crystal structure of the oxide encapsulated [tj5-1 -Tb(THF)-2,4-(SiMe3)2-2,4-C2B4H4]4( -CI)2(/i4-0). Reproduced by permission of the American Chemical Society Organometallics 2004, 23, 4621.

Preparation, characterization, and photoreactivity of titanium (IV) oxide encapsulated inside sodium or ammonium exchanged zeolite, mordenite, or potassium zeolites were described 111... 

Storage Stability. The formation of limonene oxide at 37 C was measured as a function of time to determine shelf-life of the encapsulated orange peel oil samples. Figure 6 shows the shelf-life results. A value of 2mg limonene oxide/g limonene was used as the end of shelf-life for oxidized encapsulated oil samples ( 3) The sample dried at 160 C and 105 C inlet and exit air temperatures respectively and the smallest temperature differential (55 C). This sample formed limonene oxide much faster than the other five samples. By 23 days, this powder had reached a value of 2mg limonene oxide/g limonene. The sample dried at 280 C and 105 C inlet and exit temperatures respectively did not reach 2 mg limonene oxide/g limonene until after 34 days of storage at 37 C. This sample also had the largest inlet and exit air temperature differential (175 C). The remaining four samples had reached 2mg limonene oxide/g limonene after about 30 days of storage at 37 C. 

The same platform was used to prepare BSA-functionalized magnetic MWNTs.32 After magnetic separation, those nanotubes with iron or iron oxide encapsulation were isolated and coated with anti-E coli 0157. The resulting immunomagnetic MWNTs were evaluated in immunomagnetic separation of E. coli 0157 H7 cells in pure and... 

Regarding the mechanism [9], there is evidence for the formation of iron oxides encapsulated by the soot particles. These particles seem to maintain a catalytic cycle. X-ray diffractometry showed that ferrocene decomposes in the colder flame zones to iron oxide. 

Figure 4. Schematic view of intermetallic compound formation, oxidation (encapsulation), and subsequent reduction of (a) Ni on Si and (b) Pt on Ti02. We note that the oxidation states of Pt and Ti in PtTi Oy are not known (i.e., y may be 0) this figure is intended to indicate qualitative phase formation characteristics only.

In conclusion, we eould show that the thermal stability of crystalline films of DIP can be strongly enhanced by aluminium oxide encapsulation [113, 114]. The important finding is that the erystallinity of these films could be preserved to temperatures up to 300 K above the desorption temperature of uneapped films. 

The size of the alkali metal cation has an impact on the basic properties of the final catalysts this is reflected in the order of basic strength found for several metal oxides encapsulated in X-zeolite Na O/NaX < K,0/KX = Rb O/RbX < CSj O/CsX. This order indicates that stronger basic sites are formed when the radius of the monovalent cation increases the sites are even stronger than those measured for the corresponding bulk alkaline oxides [67], A similar order of basicity was observed for a series of alkaline earth oxides occluded inside the cages of faujasite [70]. 

Figure 14.25 Reprinted from Sloan, S., Hutchison, J.L., Tenne, R., Yishay, T.T., and Homyonferi, M. (1999) Defect and ordered tungsten oxides encapsulated (X 5S and Se) fullerene-related structures, J. Sol. St. Chem. 144, 100, Copyright 1999, with permission from Elsevier.

Odor score 9, excellent 5, acceptable 1, very strongly oxidized. ° Encapsulated in hydrogenated soybean oil. ... 

Y. Haga, S. Inoue, T. Sato, R. Yosomiya, Photoconductivity properties of zinc oxide encapsulated in polymers, AngfW. Makromd. Chem. 1986, 139, 49-61. 

Liquid food ingredients encapsulated traditionally have been oil-soluble flavors, spices, and vitamins. However, in recent years, the encapsulation of 3-n polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for improved cardiovascular health has received much interest recently. Fish oils contain desired PUFAs and are microencapsulated in order to increase resistance of the PUFAs to oxidation. Encapsulation also provides taste-masking. A human feeding study established that the ra-3 PUFAs in a microencapsulated fish oil have the same desired effect on platlet ra-3 fatty acid profile as unencapsulated fish oil (64). Figure 12 is a photomicrograph of commercial capsules loaded with PUFAs. 

Sinter-Canning. An encapsulated-hip (q.v.) technique, sol-gel (q.v.) technology is used to coat (e.g.) silicon nitride with alumina or zirconia gel, which is dried and sintered, to form a dense layer of oxide, encapsulating the preform before HIPing. 

To overcome the stability problem, it is obvious that an alternative approach to material synthesis would be needed. In this respect a recent report suggested that iron oxide encapsulated in meso- and macroporous carbon can be used as anode in Li batteries and reaches a greatly improved reversibility and rate performance. At the same time, a similar structure for a cathode material based on iron and lithium fluoride was synthesized and investigated. It was demonstrated that encapsulation of transition metal-metal fluoride in nanocarbon might be an effective strategy to improve the cycling performance of such a cathode material. ... 

Encapsulation Encapsulation by Encapsulation by insoluble minerals somewhat soluble minerals (i.e., quariz) (i.e., Fe-oxides) Encapsulation by soluble minerals (i.e., Fe-sulfates)... 

Boron nitride nanocages with silver nanoparticles encapsulated in them have been synthesized by Oku et al." Reaction of urea and boric acid in the presence of silver nitrate produced BN matrices at 700°C. The ingredients were previously dissolved in deionized water and dried consequently to produce a homogenous mixture and annealed separately at 300°C and 700°C. The presence of silver nanoparticles and sometimes silver oxide nanoparticles were detected under TEM (Figure 20.15a) and x-ray diffraction studies. A similar methodology has been developed by Xing et al. in their preparation of zinc oxide- and titanium oxide-encapsulated BN nanocages." ... 

Fig. 12 The best of two worlds graphene oxide-encapsulated C03O4 nanoparticles (Reproduced from reference 267 with permission from Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. and John Wiley and Sons)...

Fig. 3.3 Principle of vapor-pressure-controlled Czochralski (VCz) method without boric oxide encapsulation in order to control the melt composition and, hence, the solid stoichiometry of GaAs crystals by the partial...

P. Rudolph, F.-M. Kiessling, 2006, Growth and characterization of GaAs crystals produced by the VCz method without boric oxide encapsulation ,... 

The system of nonlinear differential equation given above, has been numerically solved and applied to analyze the axial C distributions in 150-mm crystals grown by LEG and VGF. As an example, the axial carbon concentration as a function of the solidified fraction for several VGF crystals grown at constant or step-wise changes of CO partial pressure is represented in Fig. 9.28. All these results can be described (solid lines in Fig. 9.28) by one and the same set of parameters (see Table 9.2) only adjusting the initial concentrations of carbon in the GaAs melt and oxygen in the boron oxide encapsulant. 

Fig. 3.4 (a) In situ synthesis of tin-/tin oxide-encapsulated porous carbon nanoflbers. (b) Cycle performance and coulombic efficiency during cycling of the tin-/tin oxide-encapsulated porous carbon nanoflbrous anode at a current density of 30 mA g . Inset is the model of the microstructure of the tin-/tin oxide-encapsulated porous carbon nanofibers and TEM image of the nanoparticle in the pores (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright 2011, Elsevier)... 

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