Perceived outcome

The first set of interviews was carried out with a sample of 15 FRLHT and CCD members, including the directors, programs officers and field officers. These in-depth interviews focused on the main characteristics and the perceived outcomes of this partnership initiative in terms of creation and dissemination of innovation stemming from TM, the contribution of the different network partners and the present and future challenges in the implementation and development of this initiative. The interviews, which consisted of open questions, lasted approximately 60 to 90 minutes. 

A supply chain of a major project deals not only with several contractors and subcontractors, but also with numerous internal and external stakeholders . There is a distinctly more interest in project management today to take stakeholders into consideration. The internal stakeholders are relatively easy to identify because of their closer proximity to the project and can be broadly classified depending on their interest and influence on the perceived outcome of the project (see Figure 16.4). The internal stakeholders with high influence and high interest are usually the core members of the project team. Steering... 

The extent to which a particular combination of such "operating environment" factors will be perceived by the workers as being stressful will depend on the available resources such as the quality of the control panel, procedures, training, organizational and social factors, and, finally, the individual characteristics of the workers. The outcome of this transaction between stress factors and coping resources will influence the onset of worker stress. Situations are not stressful merely because of the presence of a number of external stressors, but because they are perceived as such by workers. 

Root products may be classified into types on the basis of their (1) chemical properties, such as composition, solubility, stability (e.g., hydrolysis, oxidation), volatility, molecular weight etc. (2) site of origin and (3) e.stablished, not just perceived, functions. The chemical properties determine in turn their biological activity and how the compounds will behave in soils their persistence in soil is very much an outcome of their chemical behavior, particularly sorption and their biodegradability. 

Objective measurements of airflow obstruction with a home peak flow meter may not necessarily improve patient outcomes. The NAEPP advocates use of PEF monitoring only for patients with severe persistent asthma who have difficulty perceiving airway obstruction. 

Consumers accept technology for medicinal purposes, but not necessarily for foods. These different attitudes toward medicine and food can be explained by the way the situation is framed—or perceived—by consumers. As Kahneman and Tversky (1986) have shown, people show a risk-taking tendency when the outcome is seen as the reduction of a loss ( I do not want to be sick ), but show a risk-aversive tendency when the outcome is identified as a gain ( I want to be healthy ). 

Someone once observed that negotiating in China is similar to a group encounter session. It is a time-consuming experience, and you cannot really perceive the outcome until the very conclusion. And, before you can reap the benefits, you must be willing to inject adequate doses of cultural understanding, cost, time and talent into your efforts. 

This chapter describes the main trends in ecopharmacovigilance, including an overview of the different contamination sources, fate, occurrence, toxicological effects on non-target organisms and associated risks. Moreover, perceived needs and gaps will be identified and the outcome of the discussion on this major issue will be provided. 

Incident investigations should very rarely result in disciplinary actions. The team should assume that disciplinary actions are not part of the investigative outcome. Even the perceived threat of disciplinary action has detrimental effect on an investigation and may discourage cooperation during interviews. 

The Office of Fiealth Economics has also published a review entitled What are My Chances Doctor which takes into account not only treatment by drugs but also the hazards of surgery. People perceive risk in many different ways that would seem to the objective scientist alarmingly irrational. The distinction between risk and hazard has been nicely illustrated by Ferner (Figure 15.1), who has defined risk as the probability that a particular adverse outcome occurs during a given quantum of exposure to a hazard. ... 

Fig. 15.1 Hazard and risk. The tiger behind bars is the hazard, as it could lead to harm. The risk is the probability that an adverse outcome will occur in unit time, or for some other specified denominator, such as per caged tiger. The perceived risk is the man s intuitive estimate of the risk. He may express it (more dangerous than crossing the road ) or reveal it, by avoiding the tiger s cage, even if he risks falling into the penguins pool.

Numerous surveys, for example, Calfee (2002) and Aikin (2003), have reported that both patients and physicians perceive DTCA to improve adherence to recommended treatment. Yet there is unfortunately relatively little empirical evidence on the magnitude ofthis compliance effect. More important are impacts of DTCA, if any, on patient outcomes. Two recent studies have provided indirect evidence. 

A creative orientation has to be cultivated by altering one s attitudes, one s state of consciousness . The responsive-reactive orientation is more clearly characterized by the quotations in Box 3.4 than is the creative orientation. The outcomes of being creative are infinitely diverse and cannot be so readily pinned down into a brief caricature. Creative thinking emanates from a different state of mind to that which produces reactive thinking. The creative thinker has a different way of perceiving the world. 

As an example, a recent intercomparison (37) included three N02 measurement techniques aTDLAS-based system and two chemical-based systems— the photolysis-ozone chemiluminescence system diagramed in Figure 7 and an instrument based on N02 plus luminol chemiluminescence. Above 2 ppbv the three instruments gave similar results, but at sub-ppbv the results from the three techniques became dissimilar. Tests on the prepared mixtures showed that the luminol results were affected by expected interferences from 03 and PAN. No interferences were found in the TDLAS system, but near the detection limit the data analysis procedures calculated levels of N02 that were too high. The outcome of this intercomparison was close to the ideal the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision of each instrument were objectively analyzed previous data sets taken by different systems can now be reliably evaluated and each investigator was able to perceive areas in which the technique could be improved. 

An amalgamation of these definitions may provide the best explanation of the concept of quality in health care. Each provides additional insight into quality, what we can expect from quality, and how quality can be perceived. Webster s definition supports the idea that quality is a continuum of excellence or the lack thereof. From the Office of Technology Assessment definition it can be said that in medical care, quality can be measured and used to evaluate the care delivered by health care providers. This definition also implies that the care offered to patients should increase the probability of positive outcomes (e.g., getting rid of an infection) and decrease negative outcomes of care (e.g.,... 

Until recently, the neonate has been a black box, an eminently valued patient, yet one that is difficult to study and treat effectively. Neonatal research, in particular, is often plagued by ethical problems of invasiveness of protocols, volume of blood to be drawn, inability of the patient to speak on his/her own behalf, etc. Even simple studies that try to address neonatal outcome often pose problems in these areas, requiring volumes of blood that subsequently need to be replaced by transfusion. Because the perceived benefit to both individual patients and to society as a whole is deemed to be highly valuable, such downsides to neonatal research are often accepted as inevitable. The introduction, however, of MS analysis, utilizing low volumes of blood for multiple biomarkers, appears to be a very attractive alternative with great potential. A number of critical areas have already begun to be addressed and include such diverse entities as hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, the infant of a diabetic mother, neonatal renal function, neonatal nutrition, neonatal sepsis, and pharmaceutical development. 

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