Brain ischemic/hypoxic injury

Han BH, Holtzman DM. BDNF protects the neonatal brain from hypoxic-ischemic injury in vivo, via the ERK pathway. J Neurosci 2000 20 5775-5781. 

HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC BRAIN INJURY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 559... 

Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury and Oxidative Stress... 

Akisu M, Kultursay N, Coker I, Huseyinov A. (1998). Platelet-activating factor is an important mediator in hypoxic ischemic brain injury in the newborn rat. Flunarizine and Ginkgo biloba extract reduce PAF concentration in the brain. Biol Neonate. 74(6) 439-44. 

Guan J, WiUiams CE, Skinner SJ, Mallard EC, Gluckman PD. 1996. The effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-l, IGF-2, and des-IGF-1 on neuronal loss after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in adult rats evidence for a role for IGE binding proteins. Endocrinology 137 893-898. 

D. Azzopardi, J. S. Wyatt, E. B. Cady, D. T. Delpy, J. Baudin, A. L. Stewart, P. L. Hope, P. A. Hamilton and E. O. Reynolds, Prognosis of newborn infants with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury assessed by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Pediatr. Res., 1989,25, U5-451. 

Until recently, the neonate has been a black box, an eminently valued patient, yet one that is difficult to study and treat effectively. Neonatal research, in particular, is often plagued by ethical problems of invasiveness of protocols, volume of blood to be drawn, inability of the patient to speak on his/her own behalf, etc. Even simple studies that try to address neonatal outcome often pose problems in these areas, requiring volumes of blood that subsequently need to be replaced by transfusion. Because the perceived benefit to both individual patients and to society as a whole is deemed to be highly valuable, such downsides to neonatal research are often accepted as inevitable. The introduction, however, of MS analysis, utilizing low volumes of blood for multiple biomarkers, appears to be a very attractive alternative with great potential. A number of critical areas have already begun to be addressed and include such diverse entities as hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, the infant of a diabetic mother, neonatal renal function, neonatal nutrition, neonatal sepsis, and pharmaceutical development. 

Assessment of the neonate with hypoxic-ischemic or other brain injury... 

Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury, Perinatal Asphyxia, and Chronic Lung Disease The Potential for Proteomic Evaluation... 

In term infants, acute hypoxic-ischemic injury and birth trauma appear to be more significant events in the evolution of brain injury (64). It has been widely recognized, however, that although many neonates who ultimately develop CP sustain their injury during birth or in the NICU, most CP patients do not have evidence of acute neonatal events capable of producing permanent injury (65-67). In term neonates, the large majority of infants with CP have no clearly discernible asphyxial event to which the injury can be attributed. 

Several trials have confirmed the benefit of hypothermia following perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury (76,77). It has been noted, however, that brain or body cooling has not produced improved outcomes that are as dramatic as those seen in animal studies, when the brain injury can be precisely timed. It is evident then that the most significant variable over which little control... 

Thornton JS, Ordidge RJ, Penrice J, Cady EB, Amess PN, Pun-wani S, Clemence M, Wyatt JS (1998) Temporal and anatomical variations of brain water apparent diffusion coefficient in perinatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury relationships to cerebral energy metabolism. Magn Reson Med 39 920-927... 

SirimanneE. S., Blumberg R. M., Bossano D., etal. (1996) The effect of prolonged modification of cerebral temperature on outcome after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the infant rat. Pediatr. Res. 39,591-597. 

Laptook A. R. and Corbett R. J. (2002) The effects of temperature on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Clin. Perinatol. 29, 623-649, vi. 

Miller JW (2002) Vitamin B12 defidency, tumor necrosis factor-dpha, and epidermal growth factor a novel function for vitamin B12 Nutr Rev 60(5) 142-144 Miura S, Ishida A, Nakajima W, Ohmura A, Kawamura M, Ttikada G (2006) Intraventricular ascorbic acid administrations decreases hypoxic-ischemic brdn injury in newborn rats. Brain Res 1095(1) 159-166... 

Cheng, Y, Deshmukh, M D Costa, A., Demaro, J. A., Gidday, J. M Shah, A., et al. (1998) Caspase inhibitor affords neuroprotection with delayed administration in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Clin. Invest. 101, 1992-1999. 

Beilharz, E.J., Bassett, N.S., Sirimanne, E.S., Williams, C.E. and Gluckman, P.D. (1995) Insuiin-like growth factor 11 is induced during wound repair following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. 29 81-91. 

Han BH, Xu D, Choi J, Han Y, Xanthoudakis S, Roy S, Tam J, Vaillancourt J, Colucci J, Siman R, Giroux A, Robertson GS, Zamboni R, Nicholson DW, Holtzman DM. Selective, reversible caspase-3 inhibitor is neuroprotective and reveals distinct pathways of cell death after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. J Biol Chem. 2002 277 30128-30136... 

---