Pentaerythritol polyesters from

Polyols. Several important polyhydric alcohols or polyols are made from formaldehyde. The principal ones include pentaerythritol, made from acetaldehyde and formaldehyde trimethylolpropane, made from -butyraldehyde and formaldehyde and neopentyl glycol, made from isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde. These polyols find use in the alkyd resin (qv) and synthetic lubricants markets. Pentaerythritol [115-77-5] is also used to produce rosin/tall oil esters and explosives (pentaerythritol tetranitrate). Trimethylolpropane [77-99-6] is also used in urethane coatings, polyurethane foams, and multiftmctional monomers. Neopentyl glycol [126-30-7] finds use in plastics produced from unsaturated polyester resins and in coatings based on saturated polyesters. 

As illustrated in Scheme 2,3,9-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)- 2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-spiro [5,5] undecane, designated bisphenol [IV], was synthesized from vanillin and pentaerythritol. Polyesters were obtained by the reaction of [IV] with terephthaloyll chloride or sebacoyl chloride (5). 

Lubrication oil additives represent another important market segment for maleic anhydride derivatives. The molecular stmctures of importance are adducts of polyalkenyl succinic anhydrides (see Lubrication and lubricants). These materials act as dispersants and corrosion inhibitors (see Dispersants Corrosion and corrosion control). One particularly important polyalkenyl succinic anhydride molecule in this market is polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) where the polyisobutylene group has a molecular weight of 900 to 1500. Other polyalkenes are also used. Polyalkenyl succinic anhydride is further derivatized with various amines to produce both dispersants and corrosion inhibitors. Another type of dispersant is a polyester produced from a polyalkenyl succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol [115-77-5]. 

By depolymerizing PET waste with a polyol and subsequently condensing the oligomeric product with a polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, polyester resins are produced which have wide industrial applications. Depending on the polyol and polycarboxylic acid or anhydride used, saturated resins, alkyd resins, or unsaturated resins are obtained. PET wastes have been used for the production of alkyd resins in water thinnable paints. The materials obtained from the reaction of PET with a mixture of fatty acids high in linoleic acid content and trimethylolethane have been used in the preparation of water-dispersible coatings. Products of the depolymerization of PET with trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol are used in the manufacture of high-solids paints. In the first step, PET is depolymerized with trimethylopropane and pentaerythritol at temperatures of 230-240°C. The final paint compositions contain 30-50% of PET depolymerization products.12... 

Cyclic oligomeric phosphonates with the varying degrees of structural complexity (Structure 5.4) are also available in the market.25 They are widely used as flame-retardant finishes for polyester fabrics. After the phosphonate is applied from an aqueous solution, the fabric is heated to swell and soften the fibers, thus allowing the phosphonate to be absorbed and strongly held. It is also a useful retardant in polyester resins, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyamide-6, and in textile back coatings. A bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate has been more recently introduced into the market for use in thermosets as well as for polyolefins (preferably, in combination with melamine or ammonium polyphosphate)... 

To avoid dissolution or extraction of the FR, FR oligomer can be used instead of monomer. Using this approach, Ma et al.39 reported the synthesis of phosphate-polyester copolymers from spirocyclic pentaerythritol di(phosphate acid monochloride)s. It was shown that LOI of the copolymer increases with increasing phosphate content to reach a maximum of 30 vol %. 

Special grades of glycidyl ether epoxies have been made with components such as glycerol, polyglycols, pentaerythritol, and cashew nut oil. Other epoxy-polyglycidol resins have been produced from the reaction of epichlorohydrin and polyester polyol based on... 

It also can be produced directly from natural gas, methane, and other aliphatic hydrocarbons, but this process yields mixtures of various oxygenated materials. Because both gaseous and liquid formaldehyde readily polymerize at room temperature, formaldehyde is not available in pure form. It is sold instead as a 37 percent solution in water, or in the polymeric form as paraformaldehyde [HO(CH20)nH], where n is between 8 and 50, or as trioxane (CH20)3. The greatest end use for formaldehyde is in the field of synthetic resins, either as a homopolymer or as a copolymer with phenol, urea, or melamine. It also is reacted with acetaldehyde to produce pentaerythritol [C(CH2OH)4], which finds use in polyester resins. Two smaller-volume uses are in urea-formaldehyde fertilizers and in hexamethylenetetramine, the latter being formed by condensation with ammonia. 

The polyesters made from polyols like glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol and dicar-boxylic acids like adipic, sebacetic, azelaic acids as starting materials easily reach a molecular weight above 1,000 Daltons. It is well established that molecules with molecular weights above 1,000 normally show a very reduced bioavailability. Data show that esters are in principle hydrolyzed, however those at higher molecular... 

Polyester polyols for rigid PU foams can be obtained by ring opening polymerisation of s-caprolactone, initiated by various polyols such as a-methyl glucoside, sorbitol, pentaerythritol or trimethylolpropane. A polyester polyol derived from penteaerythritol has the following properties functionality of 4 OH groups/mol, hydroxyl number of 600 mg KOH/g, acid number of around 2 mg KOH/g and a of viscosity 7,000 mPa-s, at 25 °C (reaction 16.8) [2, 33-35]. 

Polyether foam n. A type of polyurethane foam that has been made by reacting isocyanate with a polyether rather than a polyester or other resin component. For rigid foams, polyethers often used as the propylene oxide adducts of materials such as sorbitol, sucrose, aromatics, diamines, pentaerythritol, and methyl glucoside. These range in hydroxyl numbers from 350 to 600. For flexible foams, polyethers with hydroxyl numbers ranging from 40 to 160 are used. Examples are condensates of polyhydric alcohols such as glycerine, sometimes containing small amounts of ethylene oxide to increase reactivity. 

Dibromoneopentyl Glycol [3296-90-0]. This diol, available from DSBG as FR-522, is made by reaction of pentaerythritol with hydrogen bromide. It is a crystalline compoimd, mp 109-110°C, and has been used in flame-retardant imsaturated polyester resins and polyurethane foams. 

The limited availability of raw materials in the 60 s is apparent from the early reviews of radiation curing [8]. As previously mentioned, the first UV/EB applications utilized primarily polyesters diluted with styrene. The first change in this technology came with the use of multifunctional acrylates (MFA s) as total or partial substitution for styrene. These low volatility reactive diluents overcame many of the styrene problems. These monomers, produced via esterification of polyols, included hexanediol diacrylate (HDODA), trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tetraethylene glycol diacrylate (TTEGDA), and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA). 

Saturated polyester resins (alkyd or glyptal resins) are made from polyalcohols with a functionality of 3 or more (e.g. glycerol, pentaerythritol (C(CH20H)4), sorbitol) with dicarboxylic acids (e.g. succinic, maleic, phthalic acids). The reaction is allowed to proceed to a viscous oil which can be applied as a coating, adhesive, etc., and then heated or cured to a thermoset. 

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