Pentaerythritol phosphate

A bicychc pentaerythritol phosphate, CN-1197, has more recently been introduced by Great Lakes Chemical for use in thermosets, preferably in combination with melamine or ammonium polyphosphate (89). It is a high melting soHd befleved to have the following stmcture [5301-78-0] (87) ... 

Pentaerythritol acrylic esters, 2 54 Pentaerythritol ester of rosin, 22 43 Pentaerythritol phosphates, 2 49 11 492... 

Pentaerythritol phosphate has an excellent char-forming ability owing to the presence of the pentaerythritol structure. The bis-melamine salt of the bis acid phosphate of pentaerythritol is also available commercially. This is a high melting solid that acts as an intumescent flame-retardant additive for polyolefins. Synergistic combinations with ammonium polyphosphates have also been developed primarily for urethane elastomers. Self-condensation of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate produces oligomeric 2-chloroethylphosphate. It has a low volatility, and is useful in resin-impregnated air filters, in flexible urethane foams and in other structural foams.11... 

Cyclic oligomeric phosphonates with the varying degrees of structural complexity (Structure 5.4) are also available in the market.25 They are widely used as flame-retardant finishes for polyester fabrics. After the phosphonate is applied from an aqueous solution, the fabric is heated to swell and soften the fibers, thus allowing the phosphonate to be absorbed and strongly held. It is also a useful retardant in polyester resins, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyamide-6, and in textile back coatings. A bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate has been more recently introduced into the market for use in thermosets as well as for polyolefins (preferably, in combination with melamine or ammonium polyphosphate)... 

Liu, Y. and Wang, Q. 2006. Catalytic action of phospho-tungstic acid in the synthesis of melamine salts of pentaerythritol phosphate and their synergistic effects in flame retarded polypropylene. Polym. Deg. Stab. 91 2513-2519. 

Synonyms Pentaerythritol phosphate PEPA 2,6,7-Trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo [2.2.2] octane-4-methanol, 1-oxide... 

Pentaerythritol Phosphates. These products take advantage of the excellent char-forming ability of the pentaerythritol structnre (88). 

Monoethanolamine Ethylamine Ethylene Glycol Vinyl Fluoride Ethylene Glycol Calcium Phosphate Isobutylamine Monoisopropanolamine Isopropylamine Methylamne Methylcrazine Nitric Oxide Pentaerythritol... 

The effectiveness is particularly dependent on the content of phosphor. Whereas pentaerythritol diphenyl diphosphate bums even at a loading of 35%, pentaerythritol bis(phenyl phosphate) reaches a V-0 rating at this loading, pentaerythritol bis(methyl phosphate) needs only a loading of 15% to reach a V-0 rating (69). 

Pentaerythritol bis(methyl phosphate) Pentaerythritol bis(phenyl phosphate)... 

Stationary phases used for thiophenes include pentaerythritol benzoate, polyethylene glycol adipate, tricresyl phosphate and benzyldiphenyl. Celite 545 is a useful support. 

The use of polyols such as pentaerythritol, mannitol, or sorbitol as classical char formers in intumescent formulations for thermoplastics is associated with migration and water solubility problems. Moreover, these additives are often not compatible with the polymeric matrix and the mechanical properties of the formulations are then very poor. Those problems can be solved (at least partially) by the synthesis of additives that concentrate the three intumescent FR elements in one material, as suggested by the pioneering work of Halpern.29 b-MAP (4) (melamine salt of 3,9-dihydroxy-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5,5]-undecane-3,9-dioxide) and Melabis (5) (melamine salt of bis(l-oxo-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-4-ylmethanol)phosphate) were synthesized from pentaerythritol (2), melamine (3), and phosphoryl trichloride (1) (Figure 6.4). They were found to be more effective to fire retard PP than standard halogen-antimony FR. 

To avoid dissolution or extraction of the FR, FR oligomer can be used instead of monomer. Using this approach, Ma et al.39 reported the synthesis of phosphate-polyester copolymers from spirocyclic pentaerythritol di(phosphate acid monochloride)s. It was shown that LOI of the copolymer increases with increasing phosphate content to reach a maximum of 30 vol %. 

Chen, Y.H. and Wang, Q. 2007. Reaction of melamine phosphate with pentaerythritol and its products for flame retardation of polypropylene. Polym. Adv. Technol. 18 587-600. 

At Bolton, we also have attempted to introduce volatile and possible vapor phase-active, phosphorus-based FR components in back-coating formulations.60 62 The selected FRs included tributyl phosphate (TBP), a monomeric cyclic phosphate Antiblaze CU (Rhodia Specialties) and the oligomeric phosphate-phosphonate Fyrol 51 (Akzo). When combined with an intumescent char-forming pentaerythritol (PER) derivative (NH1197, Chemtura) and applied as a back-coating on to cotton and polypropylene substrates, significant improvements in overall flame retardancy were observed. 

Amylose triacetate prepared from butanol-precipitated starch may be plasticized with almost any of the common plasticizers which are applicable to the plasticization of cellulose triacetate. For example, some suitable plasticizers are dimethyl or diethyl tartrate, tributyl citrate, tributyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, polyethylene glycol, and pentaerythritol tetraacetate. Addition of only 10-20% plasticizer is sufficient to give amylose triacetate films a useful and lasting degree of... 

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