Penicillium various

Under natural conditions various strains of Penicillium fungi produce either penicillin G or free 6-aminopenicillanic add ( = 6-APA). The techniques used to prepare analogues such as the ones given above have been (i) fermentation in the presence of an excess of appropriate adds which may be incorporated as side-chain (ii) chemical acylation of 6-APA with activated acid derivatives. 

The decrease of peak numbers was observed, when the spectra of the same amounts of fresh (12 weeks old) and aged (9 months old) mortars were compared. This decrease might be caused by activity of ubiquitous microorganisms that live on the mortar surfaces in biofilms. Especially in mild climate conditions, algae and cyanobacteria [35] can appear here moulds (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Mucor) [36] and bacteria (Arthrobacter Bacillus, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus) [37,38] have been discovered as well. The microorganisms secrete various hydrolytic enzymes that can decompose the organic additives, namely proteins, and make their sample identification less sensitive... 

Based on the nucleotide sequence of the polygalacturonase gene of P. expansum, Marek et al. (2003) designed a pair of primers which lead to amplification of a 404-bp PCR product specifically with DNA isolated from strains of this fungus. No product was amplified from various Penicillium spp. tested. The assay was sensitive to detecting DNA a concentration equivalent to 25 cfu of P. expansum. However, the detection of the fungus in contaminated food was not demonstrated by the authors. 

Enz5mies Proteases Amylases Cellulases Various Bacilli, e.g. Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus oryzae Trichoderma viride, Penicillium pinophilum... 

The penicillin group of antibiotics, also known as (3-lactam antibiotics, has revolutionized the history of modern medicine, by their effectiveness against several pathogenic bacterial species that cause various forms of infections. Penicillin G, the parent of all these antibiotics, was first isolated from a fungal species, Penicillium notatum. Since the discovery of this antibiotic, several modifications have been introduced to the parent strucmre in order to enhance the activity, increase the acid resistance, facilitate bioavailability... 

Anthraquinones are found extensively in various plant species, especially from the families Liliaceae, Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae and Fabaceae. They are also biosynthesized in micro-organisms, e.g. Penicillium and Aspergillus species. The following structural variations within anthra-quinone aglycones are most common in nature. 

Such studies were extended to a-D-galactosidases of various origins intestinal bacteria, Penicillium species, germinated legume seeds (Vida, Medi-cago, and Trigonellum), molluscs, and mammalian kidney. 

The proteolysis of cellulases has been previously investigated. Nakayama et al. (14) found that mild proteolysis of endoglucanase from T. reesei by a protease prepared from the same fungus resulted in cellulase enzymes which still possessed cellulolytic activity. Earlier, Eriksson and Petterson (24) investigated the effect of various proteolytic enzymes on the cellulase activities on Penicillium notatum. They found that different proteases affected enzyme activities to different degrees. 

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