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Penetration Promoters

For promoting the penetration of an ink, water-soluble organic solvents can be used as accelerators that increase the penetration properties of inks in a paper. [Pg.32]

For promoting penetration, the following polyol compounds are suitable (15) 2-Ethyl-2-methyl-l,3-propanediol, 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-butanediol, 2,2-diethyl-l,3-propanediol, 2-ethyl-l,3-hexanediol, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,3-pentanediol. Among the above components, preferable examples include 2-ethyl-l,3-hexanediol and 2,2,4-tri-methyl-l,3-pentanediol. [Pg.32]

Diethylene glycol butyl ether 1 -Cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidinone [Pg.33]

2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol 1 -Butanesulfonic acid sodium salt [Pg.33]


However, not all studies support the belief that urea is an effective penetration promoter.25,58-61 For instance, the latency time to induce erythema was not changed by three-weeks treatment with a moisturizer containing 5% urea62 or by pre-treatment of forearm skin with an aqueous solution of 10% urea.59 Moreover, urea (10%) had a minimal effect on the penetration of hydrocortisone through excised human and guinea pig skin.58 Hydrocortisone acetate was even retarded through hairless mouse skin with increasing concentrations of urea (up to 12%).25... [Pg.218]

Certain defensive secretions emitted by arthropods are especially effective since they are emitted as a mixture rather than as a single compound. Thus, the carabid beetle Helluomorphoides sp. secretion consists of formic acid and nonyl acetate. The former is an irritant while the ester acts as a penetrating promoting agent 472). [Pg.40]

A penetrant promotes the penetration of the ink into the paper structure for the purpose of accelerating ambient drying. The combination of a betaine zwitterionic base with a quasisurfactant penetrant provides an ink with dramatically enhanced penetration and... [Pg.30]

Limonene is a common industrial cleaner and is also the main citrus oil component, which causes ACD, particularly when aged (Chang et al., 1997 Karlberg and Dooms-Goossens, 1997). The major volatile component of lactating mothers milk in the USA was found to contain d-limonene and the component is used as a potential skin penetration promoter for drugs such as indometacin. [Pg.568]

Optimum surface roughness usually is 0.05—0.5 pm a very smooth surface contains very Htde lubricant within its depressions, whereas rough peaks penetrate the lubricant to promote wear. Improved corrosion resistance may be obtained with a suitable subcoating surface conversion treatment or by inclusion of inhibitors in the coating. [Pg.251]

The key to hexavalent chromium s mutagenicity and possible carcinogenicity is the abiHty of this oxidation state to penetrate the cell membrane. The Cr(VI) Species promotes DNA strand breaks and initiates DNA—DNA and DNA-protein cross-links both in cell cultures and in vivo (105,112,128—130). The mechanism of this genotoxic interaction may be the intercellular reduction of Cr(VI) in close proximity to the nuclear membrane. When in vitro reductions of hexavalent chromium are performed by glutathione, the formation of Cr(V) and glutathione thiyl radicals are observed, and these are beHeved to be responsible for the formation of the DNA cross-links (112). [Pg.141]

When a liquid or solid substance is emitted to the air as particulate matter, its properties and effects may be changed. As a substance is broken up into smaller and smaller particles, more of its surface area is exposed to the air. Under these circumstances, the substance, whatever its chemical composition, tends to combine physically or chemically with other particles or gases in the atmosphere. The resulting combinations are frequently unpredictable. Very small aerosol particles (from 0.001 to 0.1 Im) can act as condensation nuclei to facilitate the condensation of water vapor, thus promoting the formation of fog and ground mist. Particles less than 2 or 3 [Lm in size (about half by weight of the particles suspended in urban air) can penetrate the mucous membrane and attract and convey harmful chemicals such as sulfur dioxide. In order to address the special concerns related to the effects of very fine, iuhalable particulates, EPA replaced its ambient air standards for total suspended particulates (TSP) with standards for particlute matter less than 10 [Lm in size (PM, ). [Pg.2173]

Functional adhesives provide the bonded product with a new or enhanced attribute. For example, adhesives now exist which promote the penetration of fluids into bonded non-woven products by virtue of their low contact angle with water [82]. These materials have been used successfully in both diapers and sanitary napkins for bonding the non-woven cover sheet to the absorbent core. Other examples are water absorbing adhesives that can act as wetness indicators by changing color [69] or can be bonded once moistened ]99]. Additional functionalities are currently underdevelopment. [Pg.753]

The mechanism of ESC is considered to be related to penetration of the promoting substance at surface defects which modifies the surface energy and promotes fracture. [Pg.27]

The evolution of a. star after it leaves the red-giant phase depends to some extent on its mass. If it is not more than about 1.4 M it may contract appreciably again and then enter an oscillatory phase of its life before becoming a white dwarf (p. 7). When core contraction following helium and carbon depletion raises the temperature above I0 K the y-ray.s in the stellar assembly become sufficiently energetic to promote the (endothermic) reaction Ne(y,a) 0. The a-paiticle released can penetrate the coulomb barrier of other neon nuclei to form " Mg in a strongly exothermic reaction ... [Pg.11]

Also, the higher degree of shear thinning provides for lower bit viscosities. This enables more effective use of hydraulic horsepower and faster penetration rates. In addition, shear thinning promotes more efficient operation of the solids removal equipment. [Pg.672]


See other pages where Penetration Promoters is mentioned: [Pg.581]    [Pg.270]    [Pg.90]    [Pg.32]    [Pg.639]    [Pg.90]    [Pg.132]    [Pg.2663]    [Pg.581]    [Pg.270]    [Pg.90]    [Pg.32]    [Pg.639]    [Pg.90]    [Pg.132]    [Pg.2663]    [Pg.696]    [Pg.470]    [Pg.470]    [Pg.238]    [Pg.440]    [Pg.111]    [Pg.144]    [Pg.275]    [Pg.246]    [Pg.396]    [Pg.260]    [Pg.260]    [Pg.544]    [Pg.85]    [Pg.470]    [Pg.488]    [Pg.558]    [Pg.60]    [Pg.348]    [Pg.353]    [Pg.375]    [Pg.375]    [Pg.1010]    [Pg.460]    [Pg.369]    [Pg.124]    [Pg.892]    [Pg.429]    [Pg.1052]    [Pg.1197]    [Pg.476]   


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