Carabid beetles

The secretion of elemental sulfur by a carabid beetle [98] is the only other known example of the production of elemental sulfur by an animal. However, it might have been overlooked in the urine and/or feces of other species, because sulfur is not detected by FID. Furthermore, due to the interconversion of S2-S8 species in the gas chromatographic column, it is eluted as a very broad... 

Kromp, B. 1999. Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture a review on pest control efficiency, cultivation impacts and enhancement. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74 187-228. 

Its significance in metabolism is not clear. Perhaps it serves as a storage form of folate in cells that have a dormant stage, e.g., of seeds or spores.412 It may also have a regulatory function.413 In some ants and in certain beetles, it is stored and hydrolyzed to formic acid. The carabid beetle Galerita lecontei ejects a defensive spray that contains 80% formic acid.414... 

Many beneficial predatory arthropods, including ground beetles and spiders, are increased by no-till. For example, no-till soybean had 17.6 carabid beetles/m2, compared with 0.38/m2 in plowed soybean fields (House and Parmalee, 1985). Higher beneficial arthropod populations have been correlated with reductions in crop losses due to certain pests. 

Jensen, C.S., Garsdal, L. and Baatrup, E. (1997) Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and altered locomotor behavior in the carabid beetle Pterostichus cupreus. A linkage between biomarkers at two levels of biological complexity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16, 1727-1732. 

Armstrong, G. (1995), Carabid beetle (Coleoptera Carabidae) diversity and abundance in organic potatoes and conventionally grown seed potatoes in the north of Scotland , Pedobiologia, Vol. 39, pp. 231-237. 

Kromp, B. (1989), Carabid Beetle Communities (Carabidae, Coleopteia) in Biologically and Conventionally Farmed Agroecosystems , Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, Vol. 27, pp. 241-251. 

Kromp, B. (1990), Carabid beetles (Coleopteia, Carabidae) as bioindicators in biological and conventional farming in Austrian potato fields . Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 9, pp. 182-187. 

Certain defensive secretions emitted by arthropods are especially effective since they are emitted as a mixture rather than as a single compound. Thus, the carabid beetle Helluomorphoides sp. secretion consists of formic acid and nonyl acetate. The former is an irritant while the ester acts as a penetrating promoting agent 472). 

Niemela, J., Kotze, D.J., Venn, S., Penev, L., Stoyanov, I., Spence, J., Hartley, D. and de Oca, E.M. (2002) Carabid beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Carabidae) across urban-rural gradients an international comparison. Landscape Ecology, 17(5) 387-401. 

Erwin, T.L. (1981) Taxon pulses, vicariance, and dispersal An evolutionary synthesis illustrated by carabid beetles. In Vicariance Biogeography—A Critique (eds. G. Nelson and D.E. Rosen), Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 159-196. 

Methyl 6-methylsalicylate is the trail pheromone of some ants, it is also found in carabid beetle, 6-methylsalicylaldehyde in the defensive secretion of a cerambycid beetle, and 6-methylsalicylic acid is made by some Penicillium moulds. Orsellinic acid and 6-methylsalicylic acid are... 

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