Peat Coal

Hasanen E, Pohjola V, Hahkala M, et al. 1986. Emissions from power plants fueled by peat, coal, natural gas and oil. Sci Total Environ 54 29-51. 

Various separation methods have been used to isolate, fractionate, and characterize humic materials. Originally it was fractionation, based on solubility differences of humic components in diluted alkalis and acids, which laid the ground work for the first classifications of humic substances (HS) in the 19th century (Mulder, 1861 Sprengel, 1837) and provided for operational definition of HS (Kononova, 1966). And now, alkali extraction is the method of choice for isolating HS from solid humus-containing substrates like soil, peat, coal, and so on (Swift, 1996), while hydrophobic resins (e.g., Amberlite XAD resins) are typically used to extract HS dissolved in natural waters (Aiken, 1985). Initial research on HS began with the used simple separation methods to prove, examine, and define characteristics of components of humic matter (Oden, 1919).Today, however, advances in HS research require ever more sophisticated techniques of separation combined with structural analysis (Orlov, 1990 Stevenson, 1994). 

The raw materials for activated carbon are carbonaceous matters, such as wood, peat, coals, petroleum coke, bones, coconut shells, and fruit nuts. Anthracite and bituminous coals have been the major sources. Starting with the initial pores present in the raw material, more pores, with desired size distributions, are created by the so-called activation process. After initial treatment and pelletizing, one activation process involves carbonization at... 

Over a period of almost a century activated carbons have remained the most widely used of all the general-purpose industrial adsorbents. In 1995, the world annual production of activated carbons was estimated to be in the region of400 000 tonnes, with consumption increasing at about 7% per annum (Derbyshire et al., 1995). They are manufactured from a variety of precursors, but cheap and readily available materials such as wood, peat, coal and nut shells are still generally used for large-scale production (Baker, 1992). 

Nine different chlorophenoxyalkanoic acids and esters (Pestanal grade, > 99%, Riedel-De-Haen AG Seelze-Hanover, West Germany) (Table 1) and 10 humic acid (HA) samples of different origin and nature, have been examined in this study. Traditional procedures of extraction, fractionation, and purification were used for the isolation of the humic acids of natural origin (soil, peat, coal, anlaboratory-prepared by oxidative... 

Occurrences of elemental sulfur in peat, coal, and petroleum are described in Chapter 6.4. The role of sulfate reducers in these environments is suggested by the fact that fossil fuels formed in marine environments, where sulfate is in abundant supply, have significantly more sulfide and native sulfur than those formed under freshwater conditions. In fact, a general geological feature of native sedimentary sulfur deposits is their location in sulfate-carbonate rocks and proximity to oil-gas-bearing strata and hydrologic zones where sulfate waters mix with chloride brines (Ivanov, 1964). 

Humic and fulvic acids are presumed to arise by two classical natural processes. Terrestrial humates are found in the following pathway plants soil humates peat — coal. Aquatic humates start with soil leachates or marine phytoplankton and go through a sequence sediments kerogen petroleum. There are conditions which mix the two processes as well. As a result, there are a host of names and symbols applied to these compounds, such as peat humic acid, coal fulvic acid, soil humic acid, and so on. Depending on their oxidation state, they may be heavily bound to metal ions. Within each class of humic acid, there are subclassifications, such as Podzol Bj, humic acid, lignite fulvic acid. Other types are classified by geological age, depth in a sediment, and type of aquatic environment. The following discussion will attempt to relate elemental composition to these broad classes of humates. 

The main point of this simple study is that, in cases such as peat/coal and aquatic sapropel/ paper shale accumulations, ultimate geoporphyrin (i.e. DPEP-series) precursors beside chlorophyll-a need to be considered. In order to mold bacteriochl orophyl 1-a into current modified Treib s scheme diagenesis (3-5) only the removal of the 3,4-dihydro and 2-acetyl features are required. That is, an aromatization and reduction/dehydration. 

Coal is a brown to black, combustible, sedimentary rock composed principally of consolidated and chemically altered plant remains ( )(Figure 1). The original plants grew abundantly in ancient swamps and their remains accumulated as peat on the swamp floor, mostly under water, which restricted decomposition of the plant debris. Commercial thicknesses of coal are thought to have required possibly a century or more of unusually consistent climatic and hydrologic conditions to allow for the deposition of the required thickness of peat. Studies have shown that peat coal (bituminous) thickness ratios range from about 3 1 to 30 1 (26). 

Another source of vanadium, of interest in biological and environmental contexts, are fossil fuels such as peat, coal, bitumen, oil-shales, asphalts and crude oil. The vanadium content of hard coal can vary from 0.007 to 0.34%. Crude oil from Albania (0.034%), the Volga-Ural region (0.061%) and Venezuela (0.12%) (upper limit in all three cases) is particularly rich in vanadium.I l A high vanadium content is often associated with high sulfur contents. The reasons for the notable enrichment of vanadium in fossils compared with bio-mass precursors such as bacteria, protozoans, algae, plants and animals are still under debate. Possible mechanisms for a secondary input of vanadium in decaying... 

In this type of application, the kraft cooking chemicals are recovered using the traditional method which is centred around the Tomlinson recovery boiler. Additional plant fuel (wood waste, peat, coal) is needed. Preliminary economic evaluations have indicated that this type of oil production process would be economic if oil prices were at their 1985 level. 

The duration of conversion increases strongly in each experiment from Experiment 16.2 to Experiment 16.5 while the rate decreases, while the rate decreases. The role played by the chosen time frame can be seen in the transition peat —> coal Compared to how long usual laboratory experiments take, it is inhibited. Compared to geological time frames, it is not. 

A high content of sulfates is specific for the samples that were collected in the vicinity of the TPS-1, while a low content was near the TPS-3. The main causes of the difference in the sulfates content are the lifespan of power plants and bad stmctural ratio of used fuels (peat, coal, fuel oil, gas). For example, the fuel oil is predominantly used at the oldest TPS-1 (production activity from 1912) gas is used in a less degree. The relatively new plants TPS-3 n TPS-4 are natural gas-fired the most of the year. 

CHARCOAL is a traditional term for a CHAR obtained from wood, peat, coal or other related natural organic materials. 

Sem micrographs of SCN and SCS synthetic activated carbons are compared with conventional activated carbons " obtained from peat coal or wood in Figure 5.12. The figure clearly shows that the synthetic carbons have a smooth external surface, ensuring favorable conditions for hemocytes membranes that are very sensitive to heterogeneity of the contact surface and that their surface does not need any additional covering by biocompatible polymer films. The bottommost micrographs show that the internal structure of synthetic activated carbon spheres has well-developed channels and pores with sizes considerably smaller than the size of the platelets. The surface characteristics of some hemosorbents are compared in Table 5.11. 

Carbonaceous and organic Peat, coals (e.g., lignites, anthracites), petroleum, bitumen, natural gas... 

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