Pea aphids

The edible parts of parsnips (Pastimea sativa L.), which have been consumed for centuries by humans without causing any obvious harm, were found to contain a chemical of insecticidal and strong synergistic nature (1). The insecticidal constituent, present at about 200 p.p.m., was isolated and identified as 5-allyl-l-methoxy-2, 3-methylenedioxybenzene or myristicin. Its toxicity to various insects [vinegar flies, houseflies, Mediterranean fruit flies, mosquito larvae, Mexican bean beetles, and pea aphids] was established and compared with pyrethrum and aldrin (Tables I and II). The knockdown effect, although definite, was not as great as that of pyrethrum. In tests... 

Maleic Hydrazide Broad Bean Pea Aphid >Mortality [Pg.155]

Brussels Sprout Pea Aphid Green Peach Aphid [Pg.155]

Learning is not required for the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi to recognize pea plants that are damaged by its specific host, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Du et al, 1998 Powell et al., 1998). This parasitoid is far more attracted by pea plants infested by this host than by pea plants infested by a non-host, Aphis fabae. Implicated in the specificity of the signal is 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, a substance that was only detected in the odor profile of plants infested by A. pisum (Wadhams et al., 1999) the pure compound was found to be highly attractive to A. ervi (Du etal., 1998). 

Dreyer, D. L., Jones, . C. and Molyneux, R. L. (1985). Feeding deterrency of some pyrrolizidine, indolizidine, and quinolizidine alkaloids towards pea aphid (Acryrthosiphon pisum) and evidence of phloem transport of indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine. Journal of Chemical Ecology 11 1045-1051. 

Some aphid species depend on ants (they are myrmecophilous) while others do not (nonmyrmecophilous aphids). The latter are better at defending themselves They move faster and defend themselves chemically. When attacked by ladybird beetles, they release the alarm pheromone (fj-P-famesene. In response to the pheromone other aphids walk around or drop from the plant. Pea aphids even may grow wings in response to alarm pheromone, allowing them to fly from the host plant. Ants also prey on other herbivorous insects, thus lowering their impact on the host plant. 

Charles H, Ishikawa H. Physical and genetic map of the genome of Buchnera, the primary endosymbiont of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. J. Mol. Evol. 1999 48 142-150. 

Castanospermine [83] and DMDP [84] have both been shown to have feeding deterrent activity against aphids and castanospermine reduced the survival rate. However, appreciable levels of swainsonhte were detected in the honeydew from a pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) colony opportunistically feeding on Astragalus lentiginosus and it was not a deterrent to this species [83],... 

The compounds were evaluated for insecticidal and acaricidal activity against the following species cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni [Hubner]), Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Muls), southern armyworm (Spodootera eridania [Cram]), pea aphid (Acvrthosiphon pisum [Harris]), twospotted spider mite (Tetranvchus urticae [Koch]) and southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi). 

The activity against pea aphid (PA) was determined in similar fashion, except that broad bean plants were used and the leaves were infested with adult aphids. 

The laboratory testing of these molecules was carried out on four insects, the housefly, Musca domestica. M.d., the pea aphid, Aerythoslphon pisum. A.P., the corn earworm, Hellothis zea, H.z., and the two-spotted spidermite, Triticum urticae, T.u. In all toxicity test evaluations, parathion was employed as a standard. Therefore, any compound having a Toxicity Index (TI) of 100 is equal to parathion. The data for the laboratory toxicity evaluation of these molecules are collected in Tables 1 and 2. 

The molecules of this report were evaluated on four insects the housefly, Musea domestlca (M.d.), the pea aphid, Acyrthoslphon pisum (A.p.), the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (H.z.) and two-spotted spidermite Trlticum urtlcae (T.u.). Using parathion as the standard for each insect, it is given a value of 100, so other molecules with toxicity index values (TI) of 100 are as toxic as parathion. Higher TI values represent greater toxicity and so forth. 

The preliminary bioassays showed that most of them exhibited moderate insecticidal activity against pea aphids. Compoimd 4a acts on a wide range ofinsect pests via further research, including important species, such as Nilaparvata lugens (LCjqI... 

Quinolizidine alkaloids, pure or in mixtures of plant extract, can be used to protect plants against noxious insects. Scientific data have shown that quinolizidine alkaloids play a role in the resistance of some lupine varieties to the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) due to their ability to inhibit the development of this pest population. Evidence also points out that alkaloid extracts have an important influence on the feeding and development of larvae and on potato beetle mortality. Researchers concluded that the toxicity and restricted larval development was correlated with alkaloid content. In this research, the strongest action of the extract contained 1.6-3.3% alkaloids. Spraying potatoes with lupine extract seems to be... 

Kordan B, Dancewicz K, Wroblewska A, Gabrys B. Intraspecific variation in alkaloid profile of four lupine species with implications for the pea aphid probing behaviour. Phytochem Lett 2012 5(1) 71—7. 

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