Nanofibres fabrication

An adequate treatment of the subject should involve a discussion of production materials. Thus we have referred to a large variety of materials (i.e., natural and synthetic polymers) for nanofibre fabrication, including the choice and use of them, and a description of how their properties influence processing parameters and properties (biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, etc.) of the product. 

Islands in the sea fibres were first introduced by Toray in the 1970s and are a relatively fast method to produce nanofibre fabrics. The process involves bicomponent spinning and extruding two polymer componaits from one spinning die, whereby the nanofila-ments are supported in the surrounding polymer matrix, as shown in Fig. 4.4. 

Nayak R, et al. Recent advances in nanofibre fabrication techniques. Text Res J 2012 ... 

The most important characteristics affecting quality of nanofibre membrane filters are fibre diameters (or fibre diameter distribution), nanofibre fabric porosity, and its homogeneity. Both the filtration efficiency of a nanofibre membrane and the pressure drop... 

Figure 11.1b shows the number of patents against year of publication. Every year there are about 500 new patents published for novel applications utilizing nanofibres fabricated via different methods including electrospinning. (SciFinder Retrieved on 14th of April 2015, Keywords nanofiber references were found containing the concept nanofiber ). 

Choi, S.H. et al., 2009a. Hollow ZnO nanofibres fabricated using electrospun polymer templates and their electronic transport properties. American Chemical Society Nano, 3(9), pp. 2623-31. 

Fig. 4.10 (a) Absorption spectra of TaaOs, TaON, TaaNs, and related oxynitride (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [42] Copyright 2004, Elsevier), (b) Schematic band structures of Ta205, TaON, and TasNs (Reprinted with permission from Ref [43] Copyright 2003, American Chemical Society), (c-e) Synthesised TasNs with different microstructures nanofibre-fabricated cloth, mesoporous microspheres, and nanorods with NiFe promoter (Reprinted with permission Ifom Ref [44-46] Copyright 2014, 2013, and 2015, Nature Publishing Group, John Wiley and Sons, and American Chemical Society, respectively)... 

One final example of multiple layer MPL was presented by Karman, Cindrella, and Munukutla [172]. A four-layer MPL was fabricated by using nanofibrous carbon, nanochain Pureblack carbon, PIPE, and a hydrophilic inorganic oxide (fumed silica). The first three layers were made out of mixtures of the nanofibrous carbon, Pureblack, carbon, and PTFE. Each of these three layers had different quantities from the three particles used. The fourth layer consisted of Pureblack carbon, PTPE, and fumed silica to retain moisture content to keep the membrane humidified. Therefore, by using these four layers, a porosity gradient was created that significantly improved the gas diffusion through the MEA. In addition, a fuel cell with this novel MPL showed little performance differences when operated at various humidity conditions. 

Saita et al. [80] applied hydriding chemical vapor deposition (HCVD) for preparing MgH. They used commercial Mg, which was heated to 600°C and vaporized in a hydrogen atmosphere at a pressure of 4 MPa. The reaction product was deposited on a cooled Inconel substrate and subsequently collected for further investigation. Quite remarkably, the obtained morphology was nanofibrous, as shown in Fig. 2.47, and is very similar to the one fabricated by Zlotea et al. [79]. Each fiber was less than 1 jm in diameter and 10 or more micrometers in length. 

The examples mentioned so far demonstrate only part of the intriguing versatility of block copolymers for the controlled formation of periodical nanostructures. It has been suggested that block copolymers could be used in the development of new electronic devices [113], the synthesis of mesoporous solids [114,115], or the fabrication of nanofibres [116]. 

The multiscale system also appears to be capable of providing more enhanced biological functionality, particularly for vascularization, which is favored by the interaction of ECs with the nanofibrous network.s that allow suitable cell architecture and orientation for microtubule formation. Thus, the synergistic effect of micro- and nanoscales could successfully regenerate natural tissues in vivo in the near future. Future work should focus on optimizing this process to better recapitulate key features of the native ECM, including its mechanical and biochemical properties, which would enhance the functionality of these 3D multiscale scaffolds in order to fabricate functional tissue engineered constructs. 

Ovei-view and Pi inciples of Nanofibrous Construct Fabrication. 102... 

Baker BM et al (2009) Fabrication and modeling of dynamic multipolymer nanofibrous scaffolds. J Biomech Eng 131(10) 101012... 

Ding B et al (2004) Fabrication of blend biodegradable nanofibrous nonwoven mats via multi-jet electrospinning. Polymer 45(6) 1895-1902... 

Duan B et al (2007) Hybrid nanofibrous membranes of PLGA/chitosan fabricated via an electrospinning array. J Biomed Mater Res A 83A(3) 868-878... 

Gee AO et al (2010) Fabrication and Evaluation of Biomimetic-Biosynthetic Nanofibrous Composites . Transactions of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, New Orleans. LA... 

Methods of Fabricating Aligned Polymer Nanofibrous Structures. 174... 

Beachley V, Wen X (2010) Polymer nanofibrous structures fabrication, biofunctionalization, and cell interactions. Prog Polym Sci 35(7) 868-892... 

Thomas V et al (2006) Mechano-morphological studies of aligned nanofibrous scaffolds of polycaprolactone fabricated by electrospinning. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 17(9) 969—984... 

---