Patenting procedure

U.S. Pat. 4j204j954 (May 27, 1980), J. Jacob (to Chemed Corp.) for a patented procedure to remove quaternaries from wastewater. 

Piquet and Pochez Explosives. Expls prod in a patented procedure by nitration of manure Ref Daniel (1902), 633... 

The preparation of N-(4-pyridyl)pyridinium chloride hydrochloride follows the procedure of Koenigs and Greiner,6 while the preparation of the sulfonic acid is a modification of a patent procedure.13... 

Following a patented procedure for the conversion of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene to 5-chloro-2-nitrophenol, 2,4-difluoronitrobenzene was treated with sodium hydroxide in hot aqueous dioxane containing a phase transfer catalyst. On the small scale, the reaction and isolation of 5-fluoro-2-nitrophenol, including vacuum distillation, were uneventful. On the 20 1 scale, vacuum distillation of combined batches of the crude product led to onset of decomposition at 150°C, which could not be controlled, and the residue erupted with explosive violence and a small fire ensued. Thermal examination of fresh small-scale crude material has shown that it is capable of highly exothermic decomposition, with onset of the exotherm at 150°C (ARC). It was then realised that difficulty in controlling the reaction temperature had been experienced on the 20 1 scale. It is recommended that this procedure and purification should not be attempted on so large a scale. 

The complex peroxide formed by stirring the polymeric compounds with 30% peroxide solution and sodium hydroxide at 5°C for an hour, according to a patented procedure, was precipitated with methanol. After intensive vacuum drying at 1.3 mbar without heating, the product suddenly exploded. 

A patent procedure for formation of compounds 19 from simple tartaric acid derivatives has appeared <06USP047129> and various new routes to chiral dioxolanones include synthesis of dioxolan-2-ones either by transition metal-mediated asymmetric synthesis <06T1864> or enzyme-mediated kinetic resolution <06H(68)1329> and a new synthesis of the chiral dioxolan-4-ones 21 from lactic or mandelic acid involving initial formation of intermediates 20 with trimethyl orthoformate in cyclohexane followed by reaction with pivalaldehyde <06S3915>. 

In the slurry impregnation method, which adheres in part to a patented procedure,35 the ratio of the volume of loading solution used to the weight of alumina was 1 1, such that approximately 2.5 times the pore volume of solution was used... 

There are relatively few reports of phase-transfer catalysed syntheses of phenols from activated haloarenes using quaternary ammonium salts, presumably because of the instability of the ammonium salts under the reaction conditions. A patented procedure for the conversion of, for example, 2,6-dichloropyridine into 6-chloropyrid-2-one (98%) using aqueous sodium hydroxide in the presence of benzyl-triethylammonium chloride at 120-150°C has been filed [32], A possible route to the phenols, however, comes from the observed reaction of phenols with potassium carbonateipotassium hydrogen carbonate to yield the aryl carbonates (80-85%) using the procedure described for the preparation of dialkyl carbonates (3.3.13) [50]. 

Amiodarone (16) has been the center of much interest because of its activity as a cardiac depressant useful in treating ventricular arrhythmia and many analogues have been prepared [4. I he originally patented procedure concludes simply by etherification of benzofuran-containing iodonated phenol 15 with 2-halodiethylaminoethane to give amiodarone (16) [5]. The synthesis t)f 15 is not detailed in the reference but the synthesis of benzbromarone contains closely analo-goii.s steps [6]. 

Compare the European and US patent systems in particnlar giving two major differences in patenting procedures. 

The Bayh-Dole Act, or the University and Small Business Patent Procedures Act, gives universities, small businesses, and nonprofit organizations the intellectual ownership of property, including new drugs, that they discover and develop with government funding. 

Birch Bayh, Democratic senator from Indiana from 1963 to 1981. With Republican senator Robert Dole, he cosponsored the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 or the University and Small Business Patent Procedures Act, which gave universities and small businesses ownership of patents resulting from projects funded by the federal government. The major drug companies benefited as well They can license new drugs from the universities and small businesses that discovered them. 

Richard Koehn I do not think the universities have any idea how intellectual property laws relate to the general research mission of the institution or its desire to exploit the fruits of that research through commercialization. It is completely different when you are doing research in chemistry on a particular area and you see some particular applications in mind, but you are actually utilizing patented procedures or processes in that research. Have you violated the patent The question of a patent violation in research laboratories is extremely sophisticated, and most technology transfer offices at universities do not know that the issue exists or how to think about it. Now that the universities are thinking about exploiting the commercial value of a project, they need to ask what process was used to produce the fruits of that project. That is a different level of sophistication. 

Following a patented procedure for the conversion of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene to 5-chloro-2-nitrophenol, 2,4-difluoronitrobenzene was treated with sodium hydroxide in... 

In their recent comprehensive review of natural and synthetic meat flavors, MacLeod and Seyyedain-Ardebili (20) listed 80 patents describing "reaction products" procedures that produced meat-like flavors upon heating. Approximately one-half of these precursor mixtures included amino acids and reducing sugars. Most of the mixtures described in patented procedures for synthetic meat flavor are modeled after ingredients found in the water-soluble dialy— zable fraction of fresh meat. These constituents serve as reagents for Maillard reactions. 

The University and Small Business Patent Procedure Act, commonly known as the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, gave nonprofit organizations such as universities as well as small businesses the right to retain patents for technology developed with government funds. 

Among these compounds, the derivative in which R1 = Me and R2 = H, the so-called flusilazole , has met with great success. On the basis of patented procedures, a laboratory preparation of this triazole has been published.18... 

The preparation of water-soluble starch is the major practical aim of higher-level irradiations of starch. If starch alone is irradiated the effect of irradiation is dose-dependent, but the dose should not exceed 20-30 X 106 rad, otherwise dextrins are produced.232 233 The irradiation of starch in aqueous solution after pretreatment with hypochlorous acid is a patented procedure.234 Irradiation with a similar dose in the presence of vanadium pentaoxide has also been patented.235... 

Bayh-DoleAct (University and Small Business Patent Procedures Act). 1980.35 U.S.C. 200—212. 

Isatoic anhydride has been prepared by prolonged refluxing of a mixture of anthranilic acid and ethyl chlorocarbonate,2 a reaction usually accompanied by formation of considerable monoethyl or/and diethyl isatoate or by action of phosgene upon anthranilic acid in a solution the acidity of which is moderated by occasional addition of sodium carbonate.2 The method described is based upon a patented procedure 3 in which, under conditions not fully specified, phosgene is passed into a solution of anthranilic acid hydrochloride with no subsequent adjustment of the acidity. 

A practical way to solve this dilemma is to deposit the microorganism or cell culture at a depository which will provide samples upon request. According to the Budapest Treaty on the "International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure", such deposits can be made at internationally recognized depository authorities. The applicant is not obliged to deposit specimen(s) in different countries individually a single deposit can be sufficient. 

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