Patent industrial applicability

Industrial Applications. The antiultraviolet protection properties of vanillin have been patented and look promising for the plastics and cosmetics (suncreams) industries. 

Hydrodynamic cavitation reactors have been investigated for more than a decade now in the UDCT Department of Bombay University [63-66]. When applied to some industrially relevant reactions, the hydrodynamically created cavitation appeared to dehver on average an order of magnitude higher cavitation yields than the acoustic cavitation. In addition, the processing volumes could be up to about 100 times larger than in the conventional sonochemical reactors. So far, there is no information about the industrial applications of the hydrodynamic cavitation reactors, although some concepts have already been patented [67]. 

Finally, two major industrial applications of nanocatalysts should be mentioned that are currently in the transition from basic research to industrial scale-up. Headwaters NanoKinetix and Degussa have developed and patented [412-A15] a direct synthesis method for the... 

T. Sanner, A. P. Kightlinger, and J. R. Davis. Borate-starch compositions for use in oil field and other industrial applications. Patent US 5559082, 1996. 

Surface engineering by means of fluorination is an effective way to change surface properties, and is used for both polymer surfaces and inorganic substrates. Polymer surface fluorination has been around a long time. The first patent we know of dates back to 1938,1 but it was only in the 1970s that the introduction of several major industrial applications led to a rapid acceleration in development. 

Esterification. Another reaction which can be used in the determination of surface silanol groups is their esterification with alcohols. This reaction has also found industrial application. The formation of surface esters by the action of alcohols on silica is covered in a patent to Her (226). The reaction products, called estersils, are hydrophobic. 

Industrial applications of this type of Ir complex can be found in the patent Uterature. Optically active Ir complexes of 6-alkyl substituted pyridylimine Ir(I)... 

The production of the nylon precursor e-caprolactam via the Beckmann rearrangement is one of the largest industrial processes worldwide. There are a large number of synthetic routes to e-caprolactam, most of which need to be improved because, without exception, all are multistage processes that produce large amounts of by-products, primarily ammonium sulfate. Due to its industrial application, the improvement of the Beckmann rearrangement of e-caprolactam was the aim of several smdies and a lot of scientific papers, patents and book chapters have been published on this topic during the last century. 

Sufficiency of disclosure is a more straightforward requirement. Sufficient technical detail must be provided in the patent application such that somebody of ordinary technical skill in the area could reproduce/repeat the innovation. Utility or industrial applicability is the last major prerequisite to patenting. This simply means that the innovation must have some applied use. 

A recent survey of the patent literature (B-79MI11510) gives other industrial applications of corrosion inhibitors. 

In recent years, a large body of work emphasized the use of zeolites for production of fine chemicals (refs.1-4). The interests stand in replacement of liquid acids to lower corrosion of equipment and pollution, and to reach specific selectivities. However, the hopes raised up in a rapid development of processes seems restrained nowadays. Many patents claimed zeolites as catalysts but very few have received industrial applications. Actually, basic research on the stability, the origin of deactivation, the regenerability of the catalysts have to be developed. Moreover, fundamental aspects of the mechanism of this new kind of reactions are lacking, in particular, the possibility of radical mechanisms, which are rather scarce with hydrocarbons, but can likely occur when heteroatoms are involved in the reactant. Those were our objectives in the study of the isomerisation of substituted halobenzenes on zeolites (refs.5-7). Indeed this reaction was claimed to occur readily on zeolites (refs.8-9), but it is supposed that no industrial development has followed. 

Patent systems typically require that the claimed invention must have utility (as set forth in 35 U.S. C. 101) or must be susceptible to industrial application (as set forth in Art. 57 EPC). With regard to genetic patenting, the European Patent Convention explicitly states that the industrial application of a sequence or a partial sequence of a gene must be disclosed in the patent application (see Rule 23e(3) EPC)). The requirement to associate the sequence with a function can also be found in U.S. law. 

Keggin-type heteropoly compounds having Mo and V as addenda atoms are usually used for such oxidations. The catalysts reported in patents often contain several elements other than Mo, V, and P. An excess amount of P is added to stabilize the structure, and the presence of additional transition elements like Cu improves redox reversibility. Supported heteropoly catalysts are also important for industrial applications and have been characterized (69, 325, 326). 

A detailed investigation was carried out to study the deactivation of a Ru-alumina industrial catalyst326 used in the hydrogenation of glucose. This and numerous other patent applications327-332 testify to the importance of industrial applications of the hydrogenation of aliphatic aldehydes. 

Through the years, as large-scale microbial processes have been perfected, a number of industrial strains have been deposited in culture collections. When a new industrial process is patented, the applicant for the patent is required to deposit a strain capable of carrying out the process in a recognized culture collection. Although these culture collections can serve as ready sources of cultures, it should be understood that most industrial companies will be reluctant to deposit their best cultures. 

As described in previous chapters in Part II, liquid-continuous impinging streams (LIS) has the feature of very efficient micromixing and can provide a uniform and controllable supersaturation environment for the crystallization process, favoring the production of uniformly large-sized crystalline also, it has been proved experimentally that, to an extent, LIS can enhance crystal-growth rate. For industrial application, Wu [237] designed and patented the impinging stream crystallizer, the structure of which is shown in Fig. 17.3. 

A tremendous amount of research in the Held of electroorganic synthesis has been performed in industrial laboratories. This work usually is only accessible with difficulty because it is hidden in patents. Therefore it is extremely helpful for scientists working in this field that an industrial electrochemist undertook the burden of critically reviewing the patent literature. At the same time the prospects and limitations for future industrial applications of electroorganic syntheses are clearly evolved. 

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