Passive measuring system

Isothermal the measuring system and the surroundings are at the same temperature the thermal resistance, between the measuring system and the surrounding thermostat is supposed to be infinitesimally small.which is not feasible in calorimetry . Consequently, isothermal operation is said to necessitate a compensation of the heat released, either by a phase transition (passive measuring system) or by thermoelectric effects (active measuring system). 

In the theory of measurements it is considered two types of measuring systems passive and active [2]. In the passive measuring system there is a comparison of the defined size with the standard without any active influence on the system, which parameters define. The feature of active measuring... 

Electrochemical cells may be used in either active or passive modes, depending on whether or not a signal, typically a current or voltage, must be actively appHed to the cell in order to evoke an analytically usehil response. Electroanalytical techniques have also been divided into two broad categories, static and dynamic, depending on whether or not current dows in the external circuit (1). In the static case, the system is assumed to be at equilibrium. The term dynamic indicates that the system has been disturbed and is not at equilibrium when the measurement is made. These definitions are often inappropriate because active measurements can be made that hardly disturb the system and passive measurements can be made on systems that are far from equilibrium. The terms static and dynamic also imply some sort of artificial time constraints on the measurement. Active and passive are terms that nonelectrochemists seem to understand more readily than static and dynamic. 

Since radon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas, the only way to detect its presence is to sample and analyze an area s air using a conventional radon measurement test. If the test reveals elevated radon levels, the homeowner will have to decide what steps to take to reduce the levels.7 The higher the level of radon present in a home, the more likely an active radon reduction system such as subslab depressurization (SSD)8 may be required. Lower radon levels may require only a passive reduction system, such as simple sealing. 

Threat assessment has been used as a starting point to define the requirements for a passive defence system. In the past, such requirements were determined on a more or less ad hoc basis. At the TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory we have started a scenario-based systemic approach to model the complete chain of passive defence measures, in order to derive challenge levels and casualty levels. This enables us to study the effects of passive defence requirements upon these levels, thus improving the selection process. 

Again, care has to be taken for the non-ideal (or real) behavior of the measurement system. Applications are limited by non-specific absorption of molecules on the surface, mass transfer effects (under conditions of laminar flow a 1-5-pm layer between sensor surface and volume flow is not whirled and has to be passed by passive diffusion) or limited access for the immobilized molecules [158-160]. 

The design basis, especially safety features that are built into the installation, must be documented. Management of change programs must preserve and keep the base record current and protect against degradation or elimination of safety features, including such measures as maximum intended inventories and passive protection systems. 

Kingston, J.K. Greenwood, R. Mills, G.A., Morrison, G.M. Bjorklund-Persson, L. 2000, Development of a novel passive sampling system for the time-averaged measurement of a range of organic pollutants in aquatic environments. J. Environ. Monit. 2 487 95. 

Each mouse was placed in an acquainted home cage, and locomotor activity was measured for 3 h after the administration of METH, using an infrared-ray passive sensor system (SUPERMEX , Muromachi Kikai Co., Tokyo, Japan). 

Millimeter waves can be used for both active and passive imaging systems. Active imaging systems primarily image the reflectivity of the person/scene including the effect of the object s shape and orientation. Passive systems measure the thermal (black-body) emission from the scene, which will include thermal emission from the environment that is reflected by objects in the scene (including the person). 

Analyses will be made to mechanistically identify credible leaks from fluid-containing tanks and vessels within structures housing systems or components which must be able to fulfill, with a high level of confidence, their lOCFRlOO-related radionuclide control functions under design basis conditions. Sumps or other passive measures will be used as required to limit fluid levels to those which will allow safe plant shutdown to be achieved and maintained. 

The creation of a set of rough data ends the period of the operator passive role in the measurement, during which the operator cannot influence the parameters of the electronic sampling, the A/D converter, the time constant of the measuring system, the slice integration interval, the parameters of the transfer of the rough data into the memory, etc. 

The next evolution of the method presented by Busch is called PreEffect-iFGS. It is a prospective method for evaluating the field effectiveness of integral pedestrian protection systems [21]. The main procedures of Busch, i.e., selection of relevant accidents, simulation with/without system, translation into injury severity, and calculation of the effectiveness, stayed the same with some additions. The improvement is an incorporation of test results for active and passive safety systems derived from hardware testing [54]. The initial version also includes an automated backwards simulation of each accident based on the values available in GIDAS. The results are then transferred into the commercial software PC-Crash and are then simulated forward with and without the measure in question. 

The figure of merit (FOM), a basic performance measure involving parameters of the sonar system, ocean, and target, is computed for active and passive sonar systems (in decibel) as follows ... 

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