Mode passive

Our brief evaluation of abundance, body size and distribution for microbes and macrobes suggests that dispersal mode (passive vs. active) actually causes observed patterns, rather than simple body size per EiE. Overall, the macrobial and microbial evidence for abundance, body size and distribution do not support the EiE claim because the principles for macrobes are not definitive and because the evidence for microbes is grossly inadequate at this time. 

Sinale Failure Criterion Graded approach is dependent on SSC classification and operational mode (passive vs. active). Any of the following Fail safe. Redundancy or diversity. Separation or isolation (including interfaces and boundaries). Evaluate for common failure modes, independence, and reliability. Backfit only if risk/cost effective. 

The requited characteristics of dyes used as passive mode-locking agents and as active laser media differ in essential ways. For passive mode-locking dyes, short excited-state relaxation times ate needed dyes of this kind ate characterized by low fluorescence quantum efficiencies caused by the highly probable nonradiant processes. On the other hand, the polymethines to be appHed as active laser media ate supposed to have much higher quantum efficiencies, approximating a value of one (91). 

Also, using dyes as laser media or passive mode-locked compounds requires numerous special parameters, the most important of which ate the band position and bandwidth of absorption and fluorescence, the luminiscence quantum efficiency, the Stokes shift, the possibiHty of photoisomerization, chemical stabiHty, and photostabiHty. AppHcations of PMDs in other technical or scientific areas have additional special requirements. 

Electrochemical cells may be used in either active or passive modes, depending on whether or not a signal, typically a current or voltage, must be actively appHed to the cell in order to evoke an analytically usehil response. Electroanalytical techniques have also been divided into two broad categories, static and dynamic, depending on whether or not current dows in the external circuit (1). In the static case, the system is assumed to be at equilibrium. The term dynamic indicates that the system has been disturbed and is not at equilibrium when the measurement is made. These definitions are often inappropriate because active measurements can be made that hardly disturb the system and passive measurements can be made on systems that are far from equilibrium. The terms static and dynamic also imply some sort of artificial time constraints on the measurement. Active and passive are terms that nonelectrochemists seem to understand more readily than static and dynamic. 

Remember that a forward-mode transformer reflects the impedance from one side to the other. This means that if drivers are single-ended on the primary side (i.e., active turn-on, passive turn-off) the power switch will still have a slow turn-off. If totem-pole outputs are driving the primary are used, the power switch s response will be fast. 

Fig. 3.24. Di rect-imaging mode SIMS image of a passivation layer on a niobium alloy [3.54], Boron enrichment at the interface is not visible with EPMA. Measurement time 10 s image diameter 150 pm primary ions OJ primary energy 5.5 keV.

There are a number of failure modes for the three failure severities and for active and passive equipment. Figures 2.1 and 2.2 illustrate these failure modes and severities by type of equipment. 

Figure 2.2 Passive equipment failure modes. Reprinted from ANSI/IEEE Std. 500-19S4, 1984 by the IEEE, with permission of the IEEE Standards Department.

If we define the passive-state and active-state modes to be stable and unstable, respectively (as long as pits grow as mentioned in the following sections, nonequilibrium fluctuations are always unstable), in the case of repassivation, pits grow stably in the polishing-state mode, finally being... 

Fundamental tothis strategy isaprocedurefordassificationofdevicesintooneoffour categories classes I, Ila, I Ib or 111. Manufacturers must classify their devices according to criteria and rules set out in Annex IX to the directive, as amended. As a first step, the manufacturermustclearlydefinetheintendeduseofthedeviceintermsof (i) degree of invasiveness (ii) mode of action, whether active or passive device (iii) the duration of contact with the patient and (iv) impact on the body, local versus systemic effect. 

Compilation of results. In order to reduce as much as possible the effects of possible sources of noise we were forced to fix some properties of passive and active optical components. Let us summarize what we have learned. The laser has the following properties A = 1064 nm, P > 10 W, single mode operation, w(0) 3 cm. The mirrors must have the following... 

Figure 2.7 Schematic of the apical phospholipid hilayer surface of the epithelial cells, indicating three types of passive diffusion transcellular (la > 1 b 1 c), paracellular (2a >2b 2c), and the hypothesized lateral, under the skin of the tight junction (3a—> 3b—> 3c) modes. Tight-junction matrix of proteins highly stylized, based on Ref. 75. [Avdeef, A., Curr. Topics Med. Chem., 1, 277-351 (2001). Reproduced with permission from Bentham Science Publishers, Ltd.]...

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