Paper pulp factory

The medium oil contains quite low sulfur, but has a slightly lower pour point compared with commercial heavy oil A. It is used as a boiler fuel for the sewage treatment plant in Niigata city. The heavy fraction contains quite low sulfur and is used in a paper and pulp factory in Niigata city. The distillation properties of the oils are shown in Figure 26.3. 

Paper/pulp mills often produce sodium hydroxide they need in small factories attached. A simplest way to produce sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of high quality is to electrolyze a brine solution (NaCl). That is, 2NaCl -electrolysis- >2Na(metal)+Cl. When steam (H O) is added to the sodium metal, sodium hydroxide is obtained 2Na+2H20 2NaOH + H2. Because electric current is used to accomplish this reaction, electrodes are required. The electrodes used are carbon rod (for anode) and mercury (liquid) metal for the cathode, because mercury binds many metallic elements including sodium. Lax procedures at small factories often allow some of the mercury to escape into the environment. This is the major source of mercury in the environments. 

Forest products industries know that temperature increases in piles of sawdust and bark. In pulp and paper mills, self-heating develops in amassed tree chips. Paper rolls stacked hot tend to self-heat, as occasionally do stored bales of waste paper. The wood-base panel products particleboard, hardboard, and fiberboard self-heat after being stacked too hot in the factory. Where in structures the framing lumber, wood-base panels, and lignocellulosic insulation is heated by items such as steam pipes, temperatures tend to rise above that of the heat source. 

Parameter Milk powder/ butter factory wastewater Meat processing secondary effluent Tannery secondary effluent Pulp and paper secondary sludges1 Dairy shed effluent Piggery effluent... 

Many of the nonoxidizing biocides employed in cooling systems today were originally developed for other applications, such as slimicides for pulp and paper, biostats for cosmetics, or sanitizers for food factories. The experience gained for these applications has proved to be useful for cooling water systems. Some products that have been available for several years have been, or are being, launched into new and different markets, especially where environmental concerns have a high profile. 

At the same time the issues related to the unintentionally produced dioxins and furans, i.e., polychlorinated dibenzo- -dioxins (PCDDs) and PCDFs, attracted public attention in 1983 when investigations revealed that dioxins were detected in the fly ashes from municipal waste incinerators. Therefore, measures to monitor dioxins in the bottom sediment and aquatic animals and plants in the rivers, lakes, marshes and seawaters as well as the atmosphere were initiated in 1986. Investigations were implemented on the actual status of waste incinerators in 1984 and pulp and paper factories in 1990. On the basis of these findings, guidelines and administrative guidance on controlling emissions of dioxin-related chemicals were derived and established. 

Approximately 12 stoker boilers are burning TDF supplementally on a commercial basis, all in the pulp and paper industry (see Chapter 5). One industrial stoker boiler at a tractor factory is testing TDF use. Five of these 13 are underfeed stokers, and 8 are spreader stokers. Of the spreader stoked boilers, 2 are reciprocating grates,... 

Bagasse and beet pulp. Bagasse is a fibrous residue of the cane stalk that is obtained after crushing and extraction of juice. It consists of water, fiber, and relatively small quantities of soluble solids. Bagasse is usually used as fuel in the furnaces to produce steam in sugar factories. It is also used as a raw material for production of paper and as feedstock for cattle. 

For example in a typical batch production process (like textile dyeing), quantity of wastewater discharged at the end of each cycle need to be audited, while in a continuous production process (like pulp processing in a pulp and paper industry), discharge of wastewater may be monitored at four-hour intervals. Care should be taken not to disrupt the normal factory processes. 

Pressure flotation is used especially for the treatment of industrial wastewaters from petrochemistry, pulp and paper mills, production plants of flbreboards, canning factories and other plants producing wastewaters with a high amount of substances whose density approaches the density of water. It is also used for sludge concentration [46]. 

Most of the ammonia produced in chemical factories is used to make fertilizers. The remaining is used in textiles, plastics, explosives, pulp and paper production, food and beverages, household cleaning products, refrigerants, and other products. It i.s also used in smelling salts. 

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