Papaver somniferum L.

Opium alkaloids [Codeine (12), Morphine (13)] Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy) Antitussive Narcotic analgesic... 

Morphine (13), from Papaver somniferum L., is an excellent example of a lead compound from which numerous synthetic derivatives have been... 

Tyler, R. T., Eilert, U., Rijnders, C. O., Roewer, I. A. and Kurz, W. G. W. 1988. Semicontinuous production of sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine by Papaver somniferum L. cell suspension cultures treated with fungal homogenate. Plant Cell Reports, 1 410 13. 

Papaver somniferum L. Yu Mei Ku (Opium poppy) (whole plant) Berberine, codeine, papaverine, isocorypalmine, laudanine, magnoflorine, meconine, 6-methylocodine, morphine, narcotine, pseudomorphine, rhoeadine, sanguinarine, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, thebaine, zanthaline.50 Antitussive, antispasmodic, analgesic, astringent, narcotic, treat chronic enteritis, diarrhea, enterorrhagia, headache, toothache, asthma. 

Floria, F.C Chiorghita, CI. (1980) The influence of the treatment with alkylating agents on Papaver Somniferum L. in Mj. Rev. Roum. Biol. - Biol. Veget., 25, 151-155... 

The isolation of morphine from opium and the recognition of the significance of its physiological effects by F. W. A. Sertiirner in 1803-1817 as well as the first definition of the term alkaloid by Meissner in 1819-1821 have led to a rapid progress in the research of alkaloids (1). In the beginning of the past century, much attention was paid to the cultivated poppy plant Papaver somniferum L., which has been used since time immemorial in popular medicine. Of the so-far known 41 opium alkaloids, only morphine, codeine, and papaverine have found... 

Poppy Papaver somniferum L. Seed The Netherlands, Poland,... 

PROP Air-dried, milky exudation from incised, unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L. or P. album Mill. Morphine is the most important alkaloid and occurs to the extent of 10-16%. 

Transformation of Papaver somniferum L. and enhanced production of isoquinoline alkaloids... 

Opium poppy Papaver somniferum L., Papaveraceae) is one of the most important medicinal plants and has been cultivated since early centuries. Opium, the dried cytoplasm of a specialized internal secretory system called the laticifer, is normally collected from the unripe capsule. It is the source for the commercial production of medicinally important alkaloids, morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine and papaverine [130, 131], Fig. (61). Morphine, which has strong addictive property, is still the most effective analgesic for the treatment of mortal cancer patients in modem medicine. Codeine is commonly used as an antitussive. However, field cultivation of this plant has been limited since 1953 by the United Nations Opium Conference Protocol to prevent narcotic crimes. Therefore, establishing tissue culture technique for the production of morphinan alkaloids seems to be desirable not only for medicinal purpose but also for decreasing abuse of opiates. 

Meconine (20) is isolated from Papaver somniferum L. Three lithiation routes are known for its syntheses which are depicted in the following chart. 

OPIUM The drug Opium is the latex from unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L., family Papaveraceae, dried in the air. The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., has been known for several thousands of years as a pain-killing and narcotic remedy. (Fig. 21) It is an annual plant, 1-1.5 m in height with... 

Fig. 21. Papaver somniferum L. Horizontal inci sions in iinripe capsules with fresh latex in the form of white droplets. 

The actions of the naturally occurring materials now known as alkaloids were probably utilized by the early Egyptians and/or Sumatians (1). However, the beginnings of recorded, reproducible isolation from plants of substances with certain composition first took place in the early nineteenth century. Then in close succession, narcotine [128-62-1] (1, now called noscopine, C22H23N07) (2) and morphine (2, R = H) (3) (both from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L.) were obtained. 

Opium, Gum opium crude opium. Air-dried, milky exudation from incised, unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L., Or jP. album Mill., Papaveraceae. Habit of the plant Asia Minor, Persia, China, Africa, India cultivated in tlie Balkan States, Hungary, Southern Russia. In Japan the strain cultivated from the production of opium is called Ikkanshu Appearance and sources Chem. A Eng. News 32, 2701 (1954). Conshf, About 20 alkaloids, constituting about 25% of the opium meconic acid, some lactic and sulfuric acids, sugar, resinous and waxy-like subsrances 12 25% water. Morphine is the most important alkaloid and occurs to the extent of 10-16%, noscapine 4-8%, codeine 0 8-2.5%, papaverine 0 5 2,5%, thebaine 0,5-2%,... 

Nicotiana tahacum L. (5, 13) Papaver somniferum L. (3, 5) Nicandra physaloides Gaertn. (6) Physalis alkekengi L. (6) Hordeum vulgare L. (35, 48, 49) Hordeum murinum L. (35) Panicum miliaceum L. (35) Strychnos potatorum L. (44) Strychnos spinosa Lam. (44)... 

Phthalideisoquinolines.—The new alkaloid narceine imide (162) has been obtained from extracts of Papaver somniferum L. (Papaveraceae). Gnoscopine [( )-narcotine] has been synthesized by a classical route. 

Comparatively few simple isoquinoline alkaloids have been found to occur naturally. Until now such compounds have been encountered in three or four species of the Cactaceae, in a Chenopodiaceae [Salsola arbuscula Pall. (S. richteri Karel)], in three species belonging to the family of the Fumari-aceae [Corydalis pallida (Thunb.) Pers.,C. awrea Willd., C. tvherosa DC.] and in one Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L.). While no doubt exists as to the native occurrence of the anhalonium and salsola isoquinolines, hy-drohydrastinine and hydrocotarnine may have been artifacts from the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids of Corydalis tuberosa and Papaver somniferum. 

Papaverine usually occurs to the extent of 0.5 to 1 % in opium (1) and was isolated from the mother liquors of the morphine extraction in 1848 (2). It is found in all parts of Papaver somniferum L. (var. album), especially in... 

Narcotine has been found only in opium or in the source plant, Papaver somniferum L., the content in opium being of the order of 0.7 to 6.4% (95-98), although some Persian opium may contain as much as 11.2 % (99), while a Chinese variety of P. somniferum is stated to be devoid of this alkaloid (100) as well as of papaverine. The seeds contain detectable amounts of the alkaloid, and the content in the dried plant is from 0.008 to 0.276 % (101) and depends upon the state of maturity of the plant. The reported presence of narcotine in a number of fruits and vegetables and its confusion with vitamin C are erroneous, or at best unconfirmed (102-106). 

Papaver somniferum L. P. setigerum DC. A-Methyl-14-0-demethylepiporphyroxine Glaudine Papaverrubine C, D Papaverrubine A, B, C, D... 

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