Paint conditions

Studies of fire damage from atomic bomb attack and incendiary bomb attack have shown this reduction of flame spread to be a significant and measurable fact. However, variations in burning conditions, types of structures, types of paints, condition of the paint at the time of exposure to fire, etc., will always leave the true value of protective paints open to question and subject to opinion. 

Areas where child likes to play or hide Paint condition (intact, FAIR, POOR, OR NOT present) Location of painted COMPONENT WITH VISIBLE bite marks... 

Paint condition Note location and extent of any visible chips and/or dust in window wells,... 

Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist s paint, because it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor seeing conditions. 

Exa.mina.tlon, A typical technical examination of a painting (64,65), intended to ascertain its period, condition, and the degree of previous restoration would likely entail most of the following steps. 

A close inspection under normal illumination reveals many indications of the condition of the painting and previous repairs. Also, because oil paints become more transparent with age, pentimenti, which originally would have been invisible after the overpainting, can be observed. Raking light illumination is very useful to determine the extent of cracking, distortions of the support, delaminations of the paint layers, etc. This stage of the examination is often done in close cooperation with styHstic experts. Thus, obvious problematic areas can be identified before the other tests are started. 

Deterioration. Paintings are composite objects that have high vulnerabiUty. The various materials are adhered to each other, especially in a laminated stmcture, to form a source of potential trouble. Any dimensional change in one of the components or between the components as a consequence of changes in environmental conditions results in a strain on the adhesion of the various parts. Strains can lead to failure of the adhesion. This is one of the principal causes of losses in panel paintings, where the dimensional changes in the wooden support cause losses in adhesion between the paint layer and the support. 

Prussian Blue. Reaction of [Fe(CN)3] with an excess of aqueous h on(Ill) produces the finely divided, intensely blue precipitate Pmssian Blue [1403843-8] (tetrairon(Ill) tris(hexakiscyanoferrate)), Fe4[Fe(CN)3]. Pmssian Blue is identical to Turnbull s Blue, the name which originally was given to the material produced by reaction of [Fe(CN)3] with excess aqueous h on(Il). The soHd contains or has absorbed on its surface a large and variable number of water molecules, potassium ions (if present in the reaction), and h on(Ill) oxide. The h on(Il) centers are low spin and diamagnetic h on(Ill) centers are high spin. Variations of composition and properties result from variations in reaction conditions. Rapid precipitation in the presence of potassium ion affords a colloidal suspension of Pmssian Blue [25869-98-1] which has the approximate composition KFe[Fe(CN)3]. Pmssian Blue compounds are used as pigments in inks and paints and its formation on sensitized paper is utilized in the production of blueprints. 

Binders and Resins. The choice of binder is the most important ingredient choice in the formulation process because the binder affects the performance properties of a paint more than any other single ingredient (3). The physical properties of binders required for paints include the abiHty to dry or cure under various ambient conditions, good adhesion to various substrates, abrasion resistance, washabiHty, flexibiHty, water resistance, and ultraviolet light resistance. The balance of these required properties is mosdy dependent on whether the paint is being developed for interior or exterior appHcations. 

Phthalocyanine Blues. a-Copper phthalocyanine blue is a reddish species used primarily in coatings and plastics. Several varieties are marketed. The basic form, the unstable Pigment Blue 15 [147-14-8] (Cl 74160), is used in water-based paints, paints containing weak petroleum solvents, and in certain plastics, eg, PVC, that require mild processing conditions. 

The aimual worldwide production of carbon blacks, which iaclude a large variety of carbonaceous products, was estimated to be around six million metric tons ia 1994. More than 90% of this pigment is consumed by the mbber iadustries, ia particular, by the tire iadustry as a reinforcing agent. The rest (- 500, 000 t) is used for coloring plastics, printing inks, and paints. Particle size of carbon blacks varies from 5 to 500 p.m and can be controlled by the process conditions and feedstock (see Carbon, carbon black). 

Many large chemical companies produce amino resins and the raw materials needed, ie, formaldehyde, urea, and melamine. Some companies may buy raw materials to produce amino resins for use in their own products, such as plywood, chipboard, paper, textiles, or paints, and may also find it profitable to market these resins to smaller companies. The technology is highly developed and sales must be supported by adequate technical service to select the correct resin and see that it is appHed under the best conditions. 

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