Pain mechanisms

North, R. A. P2X3 receptors and peripheral pain mechanisms. /. Physiol 554 301-308, 2004. 

Mass spectrometry has been applied mainly in proteome research, but also in discovery and quantitation of neuropeptides that are involved in pain mechanisms, such as nocistatin, substance P, or verification of, for example, the structure of endogenous morphine in the central nervous system. Some proteomics studies of pain are aimed at the search for pain markers in cerebrospinal fluid, as it may reflect changes in brain and spinal cord functioning. Another research area concerns proteome analysis in cancer pain using spinal cord tissue and animal models. 

Winter J, Bevan S, Campbell EA (1995) Capsaicin and pain mechanisms. Brit J Anaesth 75 157-168... 

Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are also known as nonopioid analgesics. They relieve pain without interacting with opioid receptors and do not depress CNS and have no drug dependence or drug abuse property and possess antipyretic activity also. They act primarily on peripheral pain mechanisms and also in CNS to raise pain threshold. 

The peripheral component of their analgesic action is due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase and thereby inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) which sensitise the pain receptors to mechanical and chemical stimuli. Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and blocks the sensitization of pain mechanism. 

Wall, P. D. The gate control theory of pain mechanisms. A re-examination and restatement, Brain 1978, 191, 1-18. 

McLain RF, Kapural L, Mekhail NA. Epidural steroid therapy for back and leg pain mechanisms of action and efficacy. Spine J. 2005 5 191-201. 

The Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (1988) has developed diagnostic criteria for classification of headache disorders, cranial neuralgias, and facial pain the criteria include painful and nonpainful disorders of the entire head and are based on the diagnosis rather than on the underlying pain mechanisms. 

We expected that (-)-TAN-67 will be used for the detailed investigation of both the existence and the pharmacological effects of a <5i opioid receptor, and that the (+)-TAN-67-induced nociception may be a unique pharmacological model for the elucidation of pain mechanisms. Moreover, the hyperalgesia produced by (+)-TAN-67 could be one of the neuropathic pain models. We hope that the (+)-TAN-67-induced nociception will be used for the development of analgesics for neuropathic pain, for which morphine indicates little or no effect. 

Because H2S inhibits microglia production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (Hu et al., 2007), a decrease in spinal H2S is pronociceptive in the formalin test by virtue of disinhibition of microglial function. All these preliminary reports suggest a complex role of H2S in the pain mechanism, and further studies are required to reveal the central role of H2S in these process. 

Kiang JG, Wei ET (1985) CRF an inhibitor of neurogenic plasma extravasation produced by saphenous nerve stimulation. Eur J Pharmacol 114 111-112 Kibaly C, Meyer L, Patte-Mensah C, Mensah-Nyagan AG (2008) Biochemictil tmd functional evidence for the control of pain mechanisms by dehydroepiandrosterone endogenously synthesized in the spinal cord. FASEB J 22 93-104... 

Yang HY, ladarola MJ (2006) Modulatory roles of the NPFF system in pain mechanisms at the spinal level. Peptides 27 943-952... 

Understanding of nociceptive processing has progressed in recent years, and the pain mechanisms and opioid effects on various receptors and transmission systems have been elucidated (1-3), as have tolerance and physical dependence and the influence of NMD A receptors (4,5). 

Data from Belfer I, Wu T, Kingman A, et al. Candidate gene studies of human pain mechanisms methods for optimizing choice of polymorphisms and sample size. Anesthesiology 2004 100(6) 1562-72. 

Craig AD. 2003. Pain mechanisms labeled lines versus convergence in central processing. Annu Rev Neurosci 26 1-30. 

The study of the role of endocannabinoids in pain is founded in research on pain mechanisms, a vital field that is steadily evolving on many fronts. A brief overview of the current thinking on the neural basis of pain is thus provided as background... 

Johnson BW. Pain mechanisms Anatomy, physiology, and neurochemistry. In Raj PP, Abrams BM, Hahn MB, et al, eds. Practical Management of Pain. St. Louis, Mosby, 2000 117—143. 

Byers MR, Bonica JJ. Peripheral pain mechanisms and nociceptor plasticity. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman CR, et al, eds. Bonica s Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2000 26-72. 

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