Pain descending

GET ADJUSTED odds ratios them IN DATA SET WALD. ods output CloddsWald = odds proc logistic data = pain descending ... 

Porreca F, Ossipov MH, Gebhart GF (2002) Chronic pain and medullary descending facilitation. Trends Neurosci 25 319-325... 

The studies with PET and fMRI tell us that placebo analgesia and opioid analgesia share a common neural mechanism and that pain transmission is inhibited by placebos, but they do not allow to conclude that the placebo-activated descending network is an opioid... 

Scuba divers experience similar pressure changes. The amount of air dissolved in the blood increases significantly as the diver descends. If a diver returns to the surface too quickly, nitrogen gas dissolved in the blood forms bubbles in the same way as the CO2 in a freshly opened carbonated drink. These bubbles interfere with the transmission of nerve impulses and restrict the flow of blood. The effect is extremely painful and can cause paralysis or death. The bubbles tend to collect in the joints, where they cause severe contractions. This is the source of the name of this dangerous condition—the bends . 

Finally, as outlined above, descending monoamine systems, originating in the midbrain and brainstem that act through the spinal release of noradrenaline and 5-HT, modulate the spinal transmission of pain. Alphai adrenoceptors appear to be important in this role but it is unlikely that behavioural effects such as sedation can be separated from the analgesia. Since both noradrenaline and 5-HT are key transmitters in the control of mood and anxiety and yet also participate in the control of sensory events that lead to... 

O Pain is an unpleasant subjective experience that is the net effect of a complex interaction of the ascending and descending nervous systems involving biochemical, physiologic, psychological, and neocortical processes. 

The CNS also contains a descending system for control of pain transmission. This system originates in the brain and can inhibit synaptic pain transmission at the dorsal horn. Important neurotransmitters here include endogenous opioids, serotonin, norepinephrine, y-aminobutyric acid, and neurotensin. 

The diagram below shows the pathway of pain transmission from the peripheral nerves to the cerebral cortex. There are three levels of neuronal involvement and the signals may be modulated at two points during their course to the cerebral cortex. Descending inhibitory pathways arise in the midbrain and pass to the dorsal horn as shown. Multiple different neurotransmitters are involved in the pathway and include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), noradrenaline and opioids. 

Later in the seventeenth Century Peter Pain, a French descendant of the Pain Family, moved to Bow Bridge to join the London arm of the family. During this period customers for Pains gunpowder included Charles II and James II. 

Adverse events occurring in 3% to 9% in descending order include corneal staining/erosion, photophobia, eyelid erythema, ocular ache/pain, ocular dryness, tearing, upper respiratory symptoms, eyelid edema, conjunctival edema, dizziness, blepharitis, ocular irritation, Gl symptoms, asthenia, conjunctival blanching, abnormal vision, and muscular pain. 

Ophthalmic - Bimatoprost-associated ocular adverse events that occurred in 3% to 10% of patients, in descending order of incidence, included the following Ocular dryness, visual disturbances, ocular burning, foreign body sensation, eye pain, pigmentation of the periocular skin, blepharitis, cataract, superficial punctate keratitis, eyelid erythema, ocular irritation, eyelash darkening. 

In 1783 George Washington made some experiments at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, to test and explain the popular belief that the creek that runs near the bottom of this hill could be set on fire. Thomas Paine wrote in his report of these experiments When the mud at the bottom was disturbed by the poles, the air bubbles rose fast, and I saw the fire take from Gen. Washington s light, and descend from thence to the surface of the water, in a similar manner as when a lighted candle is... 

Codeine also activates pain-control circuits that descend from the section of the brain called the midbrain to the spinal cord, causing the release of naturally produced opioids called endorphins and enkephalins. The endorphins and enkaphalins bind to and activate receptors on cells in the spinal cord that prevent the transmission of pain signals. As discussed in Chapter 3, endorphins and enkephalins are your body s natural chemicals that allow you to feel no pain. ... 

Vanderah TW et al Mechanisms of opioid-induced pain and antinociceptive tolerance Descending facilitation and spinal dynorphin. Pain 2001 92 5. [PMID 11323121]... 

When the Lung-Qi is unable to disperse and descend, the Qi movement in the Large Intestine can be blocked too. The main disorders are irregular and difficult bowel movements and pain in the abdomen. 

When heat invades the Lung and disturbs its dispersing and descending functions, patients may have cough, chest pain, shortness of breath and wheezing. 

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