Scuba diver

Solubility affected by pressnre. (a) SCUBA divers must pay attention to the solubility of gases in die blood and die fact diat solubility increases with pressure, (b) A hyperbaric chamber. People who have problems breathing can be placed in a hyperbaric chamber where they are exposed to a higher partial pressure of oxygen. 

Scuba divers have to worry about this. 

According to Henry s law, gases become more soluble as pressure increases. This solubility property has minimum effects on everyday life, because changes in altitude or weather cause only modest variations in atmospheric pressure. Scuba divers, however, must pay careful attention to the solubility equilibria of gases. 

Scuba divers experience similar pressure changes. The amount of air dissolved in the blood increases significantly as the diver descends. If a diver returns to the surface too quickly, nitrogen gas dissolved in the blood forms bubbles in the same way as the CO2 in a freshly opened carbonated drink. These bubbles interfere with the transmission of nerve impulses and restrict the flow of blood. The effect is extremely painful and can cause paralysis or death. The bubbles tend to collect in the joints, where they cause severe contractions. This is the source of the name of this dangerous condition—the bends . 

Scuba divers experience an undersea world fdled with mystery and beauty, but diving can be a perilous hobby. Little wonder that novice divers must undergo rigorous training courses before they are free to explore the depths. 

Compute the amount of pressure that 2. Explain why SCUBA divers are taught to not... 

In a similar study, Levesque et al. (1994) attempted to quantitate the body burden of chloroform following exposure in an indoor pool. Scuba divers were exposed to chloroform-laden water and air on each of seven days. On each exposure day, the subjects exercised for a 55-minute period alveolar air samples were collected before exercise and after 35 or 55 minutes of exercise. Pre-exercise alveolar levels of chloroform averaged 52.6 ppb this was attributed to air contamination in the locker room. Alveolar air concentrations of chloroform after 35 and 55 minutes of exercise increased steadily through day 5, averaging 100-950 and 104-1,093 ppb, respectively. On day 6, when scuba gear was worn by the subjects, alveolar air concentrations after 35 and 55 minutes of exercise were 196 and 209 ppb, respectively. The authors concluded from this data that the average proportion of body burden due to inhalation after 35 and 55 minutes exercise was 76 and 78%, respectively. 

Why would it be important for a scuba diver to be familiar with Boyle s law ... 

Another area in which the gas laws play a key role is in scuba diving. At the surface, we breath air at a pressure of approximately 1 atmosphere. The partial pressures of nitrogen and oxygen are 0.78 and 0.20 atmosphere, respectively. A scuba diver breaths compressed air that is delivered at a pressure that corresponds to the pressure at the depth of the diver. Because 33 feet of... 

The air a scuba diver breathes is pressurized to counteract the pressure exerted by the water surrounding the diver s body. Breathing the high-pressure air... 

A scuba diver swimming underwater breathes compressed air at a pressure of 2 atmospheres. If she holds heT breath while returning to the surface, by how much does the volume other lungs tend to increase ... 

Profundal Sediments. Sediment cores were collected in precleaned acrylic tubes by scuba divers following similar clean sampling procedures... 

The knowledge that one experienced guide is "up" and keeping the subject company, is of inestimable value intimacy and communication cosmic companionship the security of having a trained pilot flying at your wing tip the scuba diver s security in the presence of an expert comrade in the deep. 

The gas is also used to fill balloons, in gas discharge lamps, and as an additive in the breathing gases of astronauts and scuba divers. The rarer stable isotope of helium (3He) is produced by the decay of radioactive tritium, and is used in resonance imaging and in the attainment of very low temperatures, about 0.010 kelvin, via a process known as dilution refrigeration. see also Noble Gases Nuclear Fusion. 

Scuba divers use a mixture of helium and oxygen in their tanks. What is the pressure of the oxygen in a tank if the pressure caused by the helium is 200 torr and the total pressure in the tank is 925 torr ... 

Benthic substrate, which consisted of mediumgrained sands with shells and biotic remains, was hand-collected by SCUBA divers from 12 m depth in a coastal embayment near Bergen, Norway on March 14, 2003. The sediments were kept isolated from the overlying water during collection and experimental preparation, and were overlaid with filtered seawater during incubation. A set of 20 cc aliquots of drained but damp sediments were placed in the bottom of triplicate 250 ml PC bottles and gradually overlaid with 200 ml of the following water types artificial... 

A scuba diver is swimming 30.0 m below the surface of Lake Ontario. At this depth, the pressure of the water is 4.0 atm and the temperature is 8.0°C. A bubble of air with a volume of 5.0 mL escapes from the diver s mask. What will the volume of the bubble be when it breaks the surface of the water The atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa and the temperature of the water is 24.0X1. 

Pseudoephedrine is often used by scuba divers to avoid ear barotrauma. The psychometric and cardiac effects of pseudoephedrine have been evaluated at 1 atmosphere (100 kPa, sea level) and 3 atmospheres (30 kPa, 20 m) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 30 active divers in a hyperbaric chamber (253). Pseudoephedrine did not cause significant alterations in psychometric performance at 3 atmospheres. 

Natural black cultured pearls were successfully produced in French Polynesia in the 1970s. These types of pearls are expensive to produce as, for example in Australia, the process involves scuba divers with boats equipped as laboratories, to tend to the oysters that are kept off-shore. By comparison, the Chinese fireshwater mussels lie in shallow streams and lakes where it is possible to wade out to them, and the floats holding their cages are often made of empty plastic drinks botdes. The value of a single Chinese pearl today is a r cry fix>m the value of one particularly special pearl in Roman times, which, it is said, paid ft)r a whole battle. 

Lobsters are most commonly caught using traps of various sorts. In general, the traps are baited with a piece of fish, and there are several entrance holes through which hungry lobsters can enter the trap, but cannot exit. Alternatively, lobsters are sometimes caught by scuba divers, or by snorkeling in shallow, warm waters. 

Activity Research how the gas laws are important to fish and scuba divers. Explain your answers using equations when possible. 

Investigate and explain the function of the regulators on the air tanks used by scuba divers. 

Research the contents of the tank scuba divers typically use. How does its composition differ from the air that you breathe What is the condition known as the bends How is it treated ... 

At which depth, 33 ft. or 133 ft, will a scuba diver have more nitrogen dissolved in the bloodstream ... 

A scuba diver s tank contains 0.30 kg oxygen (O2) compressed into a volume of 2.32 L. 

Air in a scuba diver s tank shows a pressure of 300 kPa absolute. What is the pressure in ... 

When a scuba diver goes to the dive shop to have his or her scuba tanks filled, the tank is connected to a compressor and filled to about 2100 psia while immersed in a tank of water. (Why immerse the tank in water So that the compression of air into the tank will be approximately isothermal.)... 

Even though the sea is a powerful and immense system, people love it. Nationwide, more than half of the population lives near one of the coasts, and the popularity of the seashore as a home or place of recreation continues to grow. Increasing interest in the sea environment and the singular organisms it conceals is swelling the ranks of marine aquarium hobbyists, scuba divers, and deep-sea fishermen. In schools and universities across the United States, marine science is working its way into the science curriculum as one of the foundation sciences. 

Escape to your own private island just 30 miles off the mainland. An all-inclusive resort for scuba divers, fishermen snorkelers. All rooms are ocean view and elegantly appointed. Over 70 dive sites less than a mile from the island. Some of the best fishing in the Western Caribbean. 

Escape to your own private island all-indusive resort for scuba divers, fishermen and snorkelers. See page 96... 

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