Peacekeeping operations

United Nations Mine Action Service International policy, photos, Department of Peacekeeping Operations meeting calendars, publications, 2 U.N. Plaza and much more. 

Peacekeeping Operations. The use of screening smokes to cause distraction, disorientation,... 

Salem, Ballantyne, and Katz present the argument that when chemicals are used to control civilian dismrbances, it is necessary to use substances of low health hazard potential and employ delivery methods that carry the minimum potential for injury. This chapter reviews the namre and effects of chemicals used, and proposed for use in peacekeeping operations. Particular attention is given to their operational uses in various circumstances, pharmacology, toxicology, evaluation of safety-in-use, delivery, effects on humans, consequences and medical management of overexposure and injury, and the need for preparedness planning. 

PHYSICAL PROCEDURES AND CHEMICAL AGENTS USED IN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS... 

In addition to their use by security forces for civilian peacekeeping operations, PCSIs are used in military situations for enemy troop denial operations (e.g. to flush opponents out of caves or tunnels), training purposes to simulate CW operations, and to test for effectiveness of respirator fit. There also exists the possibility that PCSI materials could be employed by terrorists to create panic situations in limited or enclosed spaces, or for distraction purposes in or near locations where more serious and damaging effects have been planned to occur. This could involve the use of smoke or aerosol generated material, or... 

Bigger aerosol spray devices have been produced for use against groups of individuals in larger-scale peacekeeping operations. Some examples of irritant liquid projection devices are listed in (iii)... 

The following sections briefly summarize the uses, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and effects on humans of various PCSIs, which are currently in use for peacekeeping operations or have a potential for such use. Individual PCSIs have also been reviewed in detail by Ballantyne (1977a, 1987), Marrs et al. (1996), Olajos and Salem (2001) and Salem et al. (2001, 2005a,c). 

P reduction, especially in chronic painful conditions, e.g. postherpetic neuralgia. The active PCSI material in irritant spray devices used for antipersonnel and peacekeeping operations ( pepper spray is 1-15% OC). 

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