Oxy-fuel process

Figure 9.1 Basic schematic diagram of (a) postcombustion capture, (b) precombustion decarbonization, and (c) oxy-fuel processes.

Membranes for Oxygen Separation in Precombustion Decarbonization and Oxy-Fuel Processes... 

Due to the confidential nature of the subject we are unable to present here specific economic data about actual furnace conversions. Instead, a generalized analysis of oxy/fuel process economics is given based on the following premises ... 

Integration of High-Temperature O2 Transport Membranes into Oxy-Fuel Process Real World and Economic Feasibility... 

High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Process (HVOF) Mixture of a combustible gas (such as propane) and oxygen ignited inside a combustion chamber to melt a coating material before it is accelerated via an inert carrier gas at high speeds toward a surfece, where the hot material forms a coating. Hydroxyapatite Naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the chemical formula Ca,o(PO,)e(OH),. 

The influence of carbon dioxide on the oxygen permeation of MIEC membranes has been extensively studied compared with the effect of other gases, such as SO2, which can also be present in the gas streams. Of course, CO2 will be the major component of a hypothetical gas mixture where the MIEC membrane should work (e.g., oxy-fuel process). Nevertheless, the influence of SO2 must be mandatorily evaluated and represents one of the biggest concerns in this area. For example, the SO2 concentration in the flux gas can be around 400 ppm or even higher than 1000 ppm, as reported before the scrubber system in some power plants in China [82]. Up to 2011, few reports can be found dealing with membrane operation in SO2 environments. However, on related topics, for example, catalysis, several studies revealed the formation of sulfetes and sulfldes... 

The vision of the late W E Ballard ensured that this chapter is still very relevant but there have been some changes in emphasis. Of the spraying techniques, the electric arc process is now generally more economical in operation than oxy-fuel gas processes. The rate of spraying is proportional to the current used and several types of equipment are available ranging from 200 to 1 000 A capacity. For manual operation, pistols using currents up to... 

Current C02 capture technology (first generation) is adapted from gas separation processes already in industrial use. There are several technologies and strategies to capture C02 from stationary sources pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxy-fuel (Figure 2). 

Advanced Oxyfuel Boilers and Process Heaters for Cost Effective COj Capture and Sequestration. This project is to develop a novel oxy-fuel boiler to reduce the complexity of CO2 capture. 

O2 separation Compressed air o2 Oxygen for gasification of fossil fuels (coal, heavy oil, biomass) Oxygen for oxy-fuel combustion Oxygen for combustion of remaining fuel from various process streams... 

Another type of raw materials saving results from an improvement in the process where less material is needed for a given product. One example is in the glass industry where colorants are used to color the glass. Spectrum Glass reported savings of 20,000/year in colorants when the company converted from air/fuel to oxy/fuel because of the improvement in color stabilization using OEC.29... 

Another way that OEC has been used to increase the yield in a process is by reducing the waste. One example is in the reheating of metal prior to forming. Oxy/fuel burners have been used to heat metal rapidly by direct flame impingement. One of the problems with traditional metal reheating is that an oxide scale layer forms on the surface of the metal, due to the extended time at high temperatures. It has been shown that oxy/fuel direct flame impingement can reduce the amount of scale that forms on the metal so that less metal is wasted and more can be sold.46... 

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