Oxidizing agents chlorates

Reaction between arsenic(tll) and chlorate is fairly slow. Although the reaction can be markedly accelerated by osmium tetroxide as catalyst , the quantitative reduction of chlorates takes nearly an hour. In the case of the induced reaction it was assumed that arsenic(III) is oxidized to arsenic(IV) by 1-equivalent oxidizing agents. Chlorate is reduced to chlorine dioxide by the arsenic(IV) intermediate, viz. 

Potassium iodate [7758-05-6] KIO, mol wt 214.02, 59.30% I, forms white, odorless crystals or a crystalline powder. It has a density 3.98 g/mL and mp of 560°C with partial decomposition. Potassium iodate is rapidly formed when potassium iodide is fused with potassium chlorate, bromate, or perchlorate. The solubihty in water is 9.16 g/100 g H2O at 25°C and 32.2 g/100 g H2O at 100°C. KIO is extensively used as an oxidizing agent in analytical chemistry and as amaturing agent and dough conditioner (see Bakery processes and leavening agents). 

Ferrous Sulfdte Titration. For deterrnination of nitric acid in mixed acid or for nitrates that are free from interferences, ferrous sulfate titration, the nitrometer method, and Devarda s method give excellent results. The deterrnination of nitric acid and nitrates in mixed acid is based on the oxidation of ferrous sulfate [7720-78-7] by nitric acid and may be subject to interference by other materials that reduce nitric acid or oxidize ferrous sulfate. Small amounts of sodium chloride, potassium bromide, or potassium iodide may be tolerated without serious interference, as can nitrous acid up to 50% of the total amount of nitric acid present. Strong oxidizing agents, eg, chlorates, iodates, and bromates, interfere by oxidizing the standardized ferrous sulfate. 

Molten sodium cyanide reacts with strong oxidizing agents such as nitrates and chlorates with explosive violence. In aqueous solution, sodium cyanide is oxidized to sodium cyanate [917-61 -3] by oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate or hypochlorous acid. The reaction with chlorine in alkaline solution is the basis for the treatment of industrial cyanide waste Hquors (45) ... 

Other oxidizing agents that can be used include nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, peroxydisulfate, chlorate and the pervanadyl ion. The anhydrous... 

The chlorine and bromine counterparts, chlorate, ClO-f, and bromate, BrO, have E° s that are even more negative. Hence these ions are even stronger oxidizing agents than iodate ion. 

Chlorates are useful oxidizing agents. Potassium chlorate is used as an oxidant in fireworks and in matches. The heads of safety matches consist of a paste of potassium chlorate, antimony sulfide, and sulfur, with powdered glass to create friction when the match is struck as mentioned in Section 15.1, the striking strip contains red phosphorus, which ignites the match head. 

To illustrate case a, ii we may refer to the reduction of chlorate by arsenious acid induced by different 1-equivalent oxidizing reagents. The effect of the oxidizing agent is to form arsenic(IV). Chlorate will be reduced by arsenic(IV) which is a stronger reducing agent than arsenic(III). 

The halic acids may not be industrially important, but their salts certainly are. Sodium chlorate is produced in enormous quantities and used in processes in which its oxidizing strength makes it a versatile bleach. One such use is in making paper, and potassium chlorate is used as the oxidizing agent in matches. The decomposition of potassium chlorate was discussed in Chapter 13 in connection with the laboratory preparation of oxygen. 

Chlorates, bromates, and iodates are strong oxidizing agents that are useful in many industrial and synthetic processes. 

Used industrially as an oxidizing agent especially in conversion of olefins to glycols, and in the preparation of chlorates, peroxides, and periodates as a biological stain for adipose... 

Carbon, activated Chlorates Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents, unsaturated oils Ammonium salts, acids, metal powders, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials, cyanides, metal sulfides, manganese dioxide, sulfur dioxide, organic acids... 

Probably the most common fluxes are sodium carbonate (Na2C03), lithium tetraborate (Li2B407), and lithium metaborate (LiB02). Fluxes maybe used by themselves or in combination with other compounds, such as oxidizing agents (nitrates, chlorates, and peroxides). Applications include silicates and silica-based samples and metal oxides. 

The head of a safety match is a mixture of antimony trisulfide (Sb S ) and an oxidizing agent (potassium chlorate (KCIO ). Red phosphorous is placed on the tip so that when it is struck against a rough surface, it ignites with enough flame to ignite the other chemicals in the head and then burn the wood match. 

The aqueous solution of barium sulfide oxidizes slowly in the air forming elemental sulfur and various anions of sulfur including sulfite, thiosulfate, polysulfides and sulfate. The yellow color of barium sulfide solution is attributed to the presence of dissolved elemental sulfur that results from its slow oxidation in the air. In the presence of an oxidizing agent, barium sulfate is formed. Violent to explosive oxidation may occur when heated with strong oxidants such as phosphorus pentoxide or potassium chlorate. 

Vigorous to violent reactions can occur with oxidizing agents, such as potassium chlorate, potassium nitrate or lead dioxide. 

In acid solutions, iodine reduces powerful oxidizing agents and is oxidized itself. For example, it reduces chlorate and bromate to chlorine and bromine, respectively, and nitric acid to nitric oxide. In all these reactions, iodine is oxidized to iodate ... 

Potassium chlorate is an oxidizing agent in matches, fireworks and explosives. The head of safety matches is coated with potassium chlorate which is struck on a surface consisting of red phosphorus, antimony(lII) sulfide and an adhesive to light the fire. It also is used in laboratory preparation of oxygen. Its dilute aqueous solution is an antiseptic. 

Potassium chlorate is a strong oxidizing agent. In aqueous solution, it... 

It is an oxidizing agent and undergoes redox reactions with reducing agents. Its oxidizing action, however, is weaker to that of potassium chlorate. Thus the salt is unable to oxidize the iodide ion to iodine in acid medium. 

Tungsten metal is not affected by aqueous alkalies at room temperature. In molten state, caustic soda and caustic potash slowly oxidize tungsten in the presence of air. Oxidiation is more rapid in the presence of an oxidizing agent such as potassium nitrate, potassium chlorate, or lead dioxide. A similar reaction occurs with fused sodium or potassium carbonate. Tungsten dissolves... 

Although tungsten exhibits a high degree of resistance to most chemicals, it is readily oxidized by a number of oxidizing agents. A 30% solution of hydrogen peroxide dissolves metal powder slowly at room temperature. A similar reaction happens in a saturated solution of sodium or potassium chlorate. 

CA 42, 5230(1948) [Gasless delay fuze elements consisting of finely divided Ni (prepd by volatilizing Hg amalgam) and an oxidizing agent, such as Mn dioxide or alkali nitrate, chlorate or perchlorate]... 

Hydrazine Chlorate, Hydrazinium Chlorate. Nj -HClOs or N2HsC103 mw 116.51, N 24.05%, OB to Cl2 and H20 +6.9% crystals mp 80° v sol in H20, diff sol in ale, insol in ether, benzene and chloroform hygroscopic may be prepd by mixing eq solns of N2H4 and HC103 and evap at room temp a powerful oxidizing agent and a very powerful explosive. Its power, as detd by Trauzl test is... 

Fites and Explosions in Industries (Prevention, Protection and Extinction). In order to have fire, there must be present a combustible material (such as wood, coal, fuel oil, etc), an oxidizing agent (such as oxygen, nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates, peroxides etc), and sufficient heat to start the fire. If buildings are constructed of wood or cardboard, they provide enough combustible material to start a fire... 

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