Oxidizers hypochlorites

Lopez A, Mascolo G, Tiravanti G, Passino R (1997) Degradation of herbicides (ametryn and isoproturon) during water disinfection by means of two oxidants (hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide). Water Sci Technol 35 129-136... 

Of the myriad of modified starch systems tested, ranging from simple enzymically dextrinized starches to covalently attached amino acids and peptides onto dextrinized and/or oxidized (hypochlorite or periodate) corn starch bases, two polymers were selected as holding promise. The first system was a low dextrose equivalent (DE 5.7) enzyme-modified corn starch. The second starch-based polymer developed was a periodate-oxidized, amylase-dextrinized, covalently-attached phenylalanine glycoamine. 

Primary and secondary alcohols are easily oxidized by a variety of reagents, including chromium oxides, permanganate, nitric acid, and even household bleach (NaOCl, sodium Oxidation hypochlorite). The choice of reagent depends on the amount and value of the alcohol. We of AI CO h OIS use cheap oxidants for large-scale oxidations of simple, inexpensive alcohols. We use the most effective and selective reagents, regardless of cost, for delicate and valuable alcohols. 

Oxidation—Hypochlorite solutions are considered to be universally effective for removing the organophos-phates and mustard agents. 

ALLYLAMINE (107-11-9) Forms explosive mixture with air (flash point —4°F/—20°C). Polymerization may be caused by oxidizers, peroxides, elevated temperatures. A medium-strong base. Reacts, possibly violently, with acids, strong oxidizers, hypochlorites. 

Incompatibilities and Reactivities Strong oxidizers, hypochlorite salts ... 

Precaution Combustible incompat. with strong oxidizers, hypochlorite bleaches, acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, chloroformates, halogens may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to light container explosion may occur underfire conditions lei 1% in air... 

The reactivity of the amino radical has not yet been investigated. Alkaline hypochlorite oxidation, known in the pyridine series to yield azo derivatives (155,156). and photolysis of N,N-dichloro derivatives, which may be obtained by action of sodium hypochlorite on amino derivatives in acidic medium (157). should provide interesting insight on this reactivitv. 

Ketones are oxidized by potassium permanganate or by sodium hypochlorite (91) in aqueous solution to the corresponding acids. For example, oxidation of 5-acetylthiazole with aqueous KMnO at 70°C gives 5-thia-zolecarboxylic acid. 

There is a curious irony in the nomination of hypochlorite as an environmentally benign oxidizing agent It comes at a time of increasing pressure to eliminate chlorine and chlorine containing com pounds from the environment to as great a degree as possible Any all inclusive assault on chlorine needs to... 

Ammonia, anhydrous Mercury, halogens, hypochlorites, chlorites, chlorine(I) oxide, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous), hydrogen peroxide, chromium(VI) oxide, nitrogen dioxide, chromyl(VI) chloride, sulflnyl chloride, magnesium perchlorate, peroxodisul-fates, phosphorus pentoxide, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide, acrolein, gold(III) chloride... 

Carbon, activated Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents, unsaturated oils... 

Glycerol Acetic anhydride, hypochlorites, chromium(VI) oxide, perchlorates, alkali peroxides, sodium hydride... 

The process operated by ACl is outlined in Figure 7. Bales of cotton linter are opened, cooked in dilute caustic soda, and bleached with sodium hypochlorite. The resulting highly purified ceUulose is mixed with pre-precipitated basic copper sulfate in the dissolver, and 24—28% ammonium hydroxide cooled to below 20°C is added. The mixture is agitated until dissolution is complete. If necessary, air is introduced to aUow oxidative depolymerization and hence a lowering of the dope viscosity. 

The tetramethylol derivative of DABT, prepared by reaction of DABT with alkaline aqueous formaldehyde, polymerized readily on cotton. It imparted excellent flame retardancy, very durable to laundering with carbonate- or phosphate-based detergents as well as to hypochlorite bleach. This was accomphshed at low add-on without use of phosphoms compounds or antimony(III) oxide (75—77). 

Hydrazine [302-01-2] (diamide), N2H4, a colorless liquid having an ammoniacal odor, is the simplest diamine and unique in its class because of the N—N bond. It was first prepared in 1887 by Curtius as the sulfate salt from diazoacetic ester. Thiele (1893) suggested that the oxidation of ammonia (qv) with hypochlorite should yield hydrazine and in 1906 Raschig demonstrated this process, variations of which constitute the chief commercial methods of manufacture in the 1990s. 

Raschig Process. The Raschig process (92) is based on the oxidation of ammonia with hypochlorite according to the following overall... 

Peroxide-Ketazine Process. Elf Atochem in France operates a process patented by Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhhnaim (PCUK). Hydrogen peroxide (qv), rather than chlorine or hypochlorite, is used to oxidize ammonia. The reaction is carried out in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at atmospheric pressure and 50°C. The ratio of H202 MEK NH2 used is 1 2 4. Hydrogen peroxide is activated by acetamide and disodium hydrogen phosphate (117). Eigure 6 is a simplified flow sheet of this process. The overall reaction results in the formation of methyl ethyl ketazine [5921-54-0] (39) and water ... 

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