Oxidized fatty acids

Gundlach K H and Kadlech J 1974 The influence of the oxide film on the current in AI-AI oxide-fatty acid monolayer-metal functions Chem. Phys. Lett. 25 293-5... 

Zinc oxide, fatty acid, accelerator, sulfur... 

In starvation, glucose must be ptovided for the brain and erythrocytes initially, this is supphed from hver glycogen reserves. To spare glucose, muscle and other tissues reduce glucose uptake in response to lowered insuhn secretion they also oxidize fatty acids and ketone bodies preferentially to glucose. 

Oxylipin is a term that has not yet fully entered the scientific vocabulary. Indeed, a new word for oxidized fatty acid-derived compounds was needed, as the older terms - prostanoids, eicos-anoids - proved to be too narrow for an ever-widening spectrum of discoveries. Much of this research has come from the laboratory of the authors of Chapter 4. Their account demonstrates the... 

Lipids can be oxidized by some ROS such as hydroxyl ( OH). but not by H202, NO, or 02 - (Halliwell and Gutteridge 1999). However, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic cellular mechanisms can oxidize fatty acids. Challenging L. digitata sporophytes with lipopolysaccharides from various sources resulted in a rapid release of free fatty acids (FFAs) with a concomitant accumulation of oxidized derivatives of linolenic (08 2) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20 5) (Kiipper et al. 2006). Other strong inducers of the oxidative burst, such as oligoguluronates, in Laminaria could induce neither the release of FFAs nor the oxylipin production. These results... 

DEQ DM DTD MAC EO FADA LAB LAS M MBAS MCPEG Lever s diester quat dialkyldimethyl ammonium ditallow dimethylammonium chloride ethylene oxide fatty acid diethanolamide linear alkylbenzene linear alkylbenzene sulfonate R3S1O0.5 methylene blue active substances mono carboxylated PEG... 

Sethi, S., Eastman, A.Y., and Eaton, J.W., 1996, Inhibition of phagocyte-endothelium interaction by oxidized fatty acids A natural anti-inflammatory mechanism J. Lab. Clin. Invest. 128 27-38. 

The mitochondrial matrix is the major site of fatty acid oxidation in animal cells, but in certain cells other compartments also contain enzymes capable of oxidizing fatty acids to acetyl-CoA, by a pathway similar to, but not identical with, that in mitochondria In plant cells, the major site of /3 oxidation is not mitochondria but peroxisomes. 

Fate of free fatty acids The free fatty acids derived from hydrolysis of triacylglycerol may directly enter adjacent mus cells or adipocytes. Alternatively, the free fatty acids may be tra ported in the blood in association with serum albumin until tt are taken up by cells. [Note Serum albumin is a large prot secreted by the liver. It transports a number of primarily hydropl bic compounds in the circulation, including free fatty acids a some drugs.2] Most cells can oxidize fatty acids to produ energy (see p. f88). Adipocytes can also reesterify free fa acids to produce triacylglycerol molecules, which are stored ui the fatty acids are needed by the body (see p. 185). 

During the first 2 weeks of fasting, muscle uses fatty acids from ad-pose tissue and ketone bodies from the liver as fuels (Figure 24.14, O and ). After about three weeks of fasting, muscle decreases its use of ketone bodies and oxidizes fatty acids almost exclusively. This leads to a further increase in the already elevated level of circulating ketone bodies. [Note The increased use of ketone bodies by the brain as a result of their increased concentration in the blood is correlated with the decreased use of these compounds by the muscle.]... 

Fatty acids are carried by serum albumin to the liver and to peripheral tissues, where oxida tion of the lipids provides energy. (Cells, such as red blood cells, with few or no mitochondria cannot oxidize fatty acids, nor can the brain, because long-chain fatty acids do not cross the blood-brain barrier.)... 

Hydrocarbons yield more energy upon combustion than do most other organic compounds, and it is, therefore, not surprising that one important type of food reserve, the fats, is essentially hydrocarbon in nature. In terms of energy content the component fatty acids are the most important. Most aerobic cells can oxidize fatty acids completely to C02 and water, a process that takes place within many bacteria, in the matrix space of animal mitochondria, in the peroxisomes of most eukaryotic cells, and to a lesser extent in the endoplasmic reticulum. 

Alpha oxidation and omega oxidation. Animal tissues degrade such straight-chain fatty acids as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid almost entirely by (3 oxidation, but plant cells often oxidize fatty acids one carbon at a time. The initial attack may involve hydroxylation on the a-carbon atom (Eq. 17-3) to form either the d- or the L-2-hydroxy add.17 18-32 323 The L-hydroxy acids are oxidized rapidly, perhaps by dehydrogenation to the oxo acids (Eq. 17-3, step b) and oxidative decarboxylation, possibly utilizing H202 (see Eq. 15-36). The D-hydroxy acids tend to accumulate... 

Although it has been known for several years that leptin can activate AMPK, recently this pathway has come into focus as it was demonstrated to be of utmost importance in regulating food intake in the hypothalamus (Minokoshi et al. 2002, 2004). AMPK plays a particularly important role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation. Fatty acids which are not oxidized are stored in cytoplasm as triglycerides. Malonyl CoA is an important fatty acid in maintaining a balance between storage of fatty acids and transport into the mitochondria for oxidation. Elevated malonyl CoA results in impaired transport into the mitochondria and consequently... 

The term non-ionic surfactant usually refers to derivatives of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide with an alcohol containing an active hydrogen atom. However other types such as alkyl phenols, sugar esters, alkanolamides, amine oxides, fatty acids, fatty amines and polyols are all produced and used widely throughout the world in a multitude of industries. This chapter covers the production of these materials and how they can be modified to meet the desired end product use. 

The enzymes that oxidize fatty acids are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl-CoA derivatives do not freely permeate the inner mitochondrial membrane, but a specific transport protein allows entry of the acyl chains to the matrix. 

---