Oxide heat capacity

Gibbs Energy of Formation of Metal Oxides Heat Capacity of Liquids and Gases at 25°C Heat Capacity of Mercury Index of Refraction of Fused Quartz... 

Pitzer, K.S. and Smith, W.V. (1937) Silver oxide heat capacity from 13 to 300 K, entropy, heat of solution and heat and free energy of formation. The heat of formation and entropy of silver ion. J. Am. Chem. 

Brunauer and co-workers [129, 130] found values of of 1310, 1180, and 386 ergs/cm for CaO, Ca(OH)2 and tobermorite (a calcium silicate hydrate). Jura and Garland [131] reported a value of 1040 ergs/cm for magnesium oxide. Patterson and coworkers [132] used fractionated sodium chloride particles prepared by a volatilization method to find that the surface contribution to the low-temperature heat capacity varied approximately in proportion to the area determined by gas adsorption. Questions of equilibrium arise in these and adsorption studies on finely divided surfaces as discussed in Section X-3. 

Oxidizer Available oxygen Melting point, °C Density, g/cm Heat of formation, kj / mof Heat capacity, J/(mol-K) Gas, moles per 100 g"... 

Each isomer has its individual set of physical and chemical properties however, these properties are similar (Table 6). The fundamental chemical reactions for pentanes are sulfonation to form sulfonic acids, chlorination to form chlorides, nitration to form nitropentanes, oxidation to form various compounds, and cracking to form free radicals. Many of these reactions are used to produce intermediates for the manufacture of industrial chemicals. Generally the reactivity increases from a primary to a secondary to a tertiary hydrogen (37). Other properties available but not Hsted are given in equations for heat capacity and viscosity (34), and saturated Hquid density (36). 

In plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD), the starting materials are typically SiCl, O2, 2 6 GeCl (see Plasma technology). Plasma chemical vapor deposition is similar to MCVD in that the reactants are carried into a hoUow siUca tube, but PCVD uses a moving microwave cavity rather than a torch. The plasma formed inside the microwave cavity results in the deposition of a compact glass layer along the inner wall of the tube. The temperatures involved in PCVD are lower than those in MCVD, and no oxide soots are formed. Also, the PCVD method is not affected by the heat capacities or thermal conductivities of the deposits. 

Table 2.8 Thermal conductivities and heat capacities of some metals and oxides...

Similar approaches are applicable in the chemical industry. For example, maleic anhydride is manufactured by partial oxidation of benzene in a fixed catalyst bed tubular reactor. There is a potential for extremely high temperatures due to thermal runaway if feed ratios are not maintained within safe limits. Catalyst geometry, heat capacity, and partial catalyst deactivation have been used to create a self-regulatory mechanism to prevent excessive temperature (Raghaven, 1992). 

The higher heat of formation and less oxygen in the HTPB molecule implies a higher heat output with greater oxidizer loading capacity. However, more oxygen in the... 

Halides, 562 Hall, Charles, 3,536 Halogen An element of Group 17,31 oxidizing power of 557 oxoacids of, 567t reactivity, 559 Head-to-head polymer, 613 Head-to-tail polymer, 613 Heat A form of energy that flows between two samples because of their difference in temperature, 197,214 Heat capacity The amount of heat required to raise the temperature one degree Celsius, 199... 

IndChem 23, 17—24 (1947) (Ammonia oxidation process and concentration of nitric acid) 37) O.A. Hougen K.M. Watson, Chemical Process Principles , J. Wiley, NY, Combined volume (1947), 224 (Heat capacities of nitric acid) 38) W.M. Latimer J.H. Hildebrand, Reference Book of Inorganic Chemistry , Macmillan, NY (1947), 202-207 39) S. 

Nernst heat theorem 164-5 nickel chloride, heat capacity 180 nitric acid, heat capacity 224-5 nitric oxide, entropy of 173 nitrogen... 

The uncertainties in the condensed-phase thermodynamic functions arise from (1) the possible existence of a solid-solid phase transition in the temperature range 2160 to 2370 K and (2) the uncertainty in the estimated value of the liquid heat capacity which is on the order of 40%. While these uncertainties affect the partial pressures of plutonium oxides by a factor of 10 at 4000 K, they are not limiting because, at that temperature, the total pressure is due essentially entirely to O2 and 0. 

Sf.I.F-Tfst 6.3A Potassium perchlorate, KC104, is used as an oxidizer in fireworks. Calculate the heat required to raise the temperature of 10.0 g of KCIO4 from 25°C to an ignition temperature of 900.°C. The specific heat capacity of KC1C4 is 0.8111... 

Hydrochloric acid oxidizes zinc metal in a reaction that produces hydrogen gas and chloride ions. A piece of zinc metal of mass 8.5 g is dropped into an apparatus containing 800.0 mL of 0.500 M HCl(aq). If the initial temperature of the hydrochloric acid solution is 25°C, what is the final temperature of this solution Assume that the density and molar heat capacity of the hydrochloric acid solution are the same as those of water and that all the heat is used to raise the temperature of the solution. 

Normally, when sulfur is oxidized, the product is S02, but S03 may also be formed. When 0.6192 g of sulfur was burned, by using ultrapure oxygen in a bomb calorimeter with a heat capacity of 5.270 kJ-(°C) 1, the temperature rose 1.140°C. Assuming that all the sulfur was consumed in the reaction, what was the ratio of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide produced ... 

In the aluminothermic reduction of niobium oxides, the products must reach a temperature of at least about 2470 °C, and hence the heat required to raise niobium metal and alumina from room temperature to this temperature must be estimated. Using the values of the heat capacities and the heats of fusion for niobium and alumina, the following figures can be obtained ... 

Lanthanides with fractional valences have II, III and IV valences, as well as mixed II/III and III/IV valences. Depending on temperature and pressure, the degree of oxidation can change. This effect may result in a change in the different properties of nanoparticles, such as the stability, heat capacity, conductivity and magnetic susceptibility [218]. Valence fluctuation phenomena have been reported to occur... 

A3 AIBN c Cp DLS DLVO DSC EO GMA HS-DSC KPS LCST Osmotic third virial coefficient 2,2 -Azobis(isobutyronitrile) Polymer concentration Partial heat capacity Dynamic light scattering Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek Differential scanning calorimetry Ethylene oxide Glycidylmethacrylate High-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry Potassium persulphate Lower critical solution temperature... 

Due also to their (amorphous) composition, the heat capacity of a ruthenium oxide resistor is much higher than that of a Ge thermistor of equal mass [61]. This negative property prevents the use of Ru02 resistors as detector sensors (see Chapter 15). 

First-order estimates of entropy are often based on the observation that heat capacities and thereby entropies of complex compounds often are well represented by summing in stoichiometric proportions the heat capacities or entropies of simpler chemical entities. Latimer [12] used entropies of elements and molecular groups to estimate the entropy of more complex compounds see Spencer for revised tabulated values [13]. Fyfe et al. [14] pointed out a correlation between entropy and molar volume and introduced a simple volume correction factor in their scheme for estimation of the entropy of complex oxides based on the entropy of binary oxides. The latter approach was further developed by Holland [15], who looked into the effect of volume on the vibrational entropy derived from the Einstein and Debye models. 

Continuous Multicomponent Distillation Column 501 Gas Separation by Membrane Permeation 475 Transport of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment 565 Residence Time Distribution Studies 381 Nitrification in a Fluidised Bed Reactor 547 Conversion of Nitrobenzene to Aniline 329 Non-Ideal Stirred-Tank Reactor 374 Oscillating Tank Reactor Behaviour 290 Oxidation Reaction in an Aerated Tank 250 Classic Streeter-Phelps Oxygen Sag Curves 569 Auto-Refrigerated Reactor 295 Batch Reactor of Luyben 253 Reversible Reaction with Temperature Effects 305 Reversible Reaction with Variable Heat Capacities 299 Reaction with Integrated Extraction of Inhibitory Product 280... 

In solving problems of this type, you must realize that the oxidation of the glucose released energy in the form of heat and that some of the heat was absorbed by the water and the remainder by the calorimeter. You can use both the heat capacity of the calorimeter and the mass and specific heat of the water with the temperature change to calculate the heat absorbed by the calorimeter and water ... 

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