Propylene oxidation of ethylene and

Parameters for the compensation line found for cracking reactions (74,151, 212, 213,218), methane exchange (21), and also including data for the oxidation of ethylene and propylene (209a) on this metal are given in Table II, J. 

Electrochemical oxidation of ethylene and propylene sulfides in MeCN-Bu4NC104 medium results in poly(ethylenesulfide), and poly(propylenesulfide) films, respectively [77]. The propagation supposedly occurs by a cationic ring-opening step involving sulfonium salts. 

S. Beran, P. Jiru, B. Wichterlova, R. Zahradnik, A molecular orbital study of the catalytic oxidation of ethylene and propylene on silver, conference proceeding, pp. 324-332. 

Deuterium isotope effects in the oxidation of ethylene and propylene... 

Rony has reported (122) the attempted oxidation of ethylene and propylene on supported melts of CuCl2 KCl containing palladium(ll) chloride but experimental details are lacking on these reactions. 

The cadmium chalcogenide semiconductors (qv) have found numerous appHcations ranging from rectifiers to photoconductive detectors in smoke alarms. Many Cd compounds, eg, sulfide, tungstate, selenide, teUuride, and oxide, are used as phosphors in luminescent screens and scintiUation counters. Glass colored with cadmium sulfoselenides is used as a color filter in spectroscopy and has recently attracted attention as a third-order, nonlinear optical switching material (see Nonlinear optical materials). DiaLkylcadmium compounds are polymerization catalysts for production of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Mixed with TiCl, they catalyze the polymerization of ethylene and propylene. 

Development of the technology of ethylene and propylene oxide processing 98MI43. 

From the results of other authors should be mentioned the observation of a similar effect, e.g. in the oxidation of olefins on nickel oxide (118), where the retardation of the reaction of 1-butene by cis-2-butene was greater than the effect of 1-butene on the reaction of m-2-butene the ratio of the adsorption coefficients Kcia h/Kwas 1.45. In a study on hydrogenation over C03O4 it was reported (109) that the reactivities of ethylene and propylene were nearly the same (1.17 in favor of propylene), when measured separately, whereas the ratio of adsorption coefficients was 8.4 in favor of ethylene. This led in the competitive arrangement to preferential hydrogenation of ethylene. A similar phenomenon occurs in the catalytic reduction of nitric oxide and sulfur dioxide by carbon monoxide (120a). 

If primary alcohols with a straight chain of 10-20 carbon atoms are initially alkoxylated by a mixture of ethylene and propylene oxides followed by phosphorylation, a pour point depression to 8°C will occur, whereas phosphate esters derived from nonylphenol are liquid at temperatures as low as 2°C. Phosphoric acid esters on the base of linear primary alcohols (Cn-Cl5) generally solidify below 24°C [50] (Table 2). 

P. Beatrice, C. Pliangos, W.L. Worrell, and C.G. Vayenas, The electrochemical promotion of ethylene and propylene oxidation on Pt deposited on Yttria-Titania-Zirconia, Solid State Ionics 136-137, 833-837 (2000). 

Small olefins, notably ethylene (ethene), propene, and butene, form the building blocks of the petrochemical industry. These molecules originate among others from the FCC process, but they are also manufactured by the steam cracking of naphtha. A wealth of reactions is based on olefins. As examples, we discuss here the epoxida-tion of ethylene and the partial oxidation of propylene, as well as the polymerization of ethylene and propylene. 

WClg, and vanadium-based initiators (Eq. 53), and the thermal polymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (Eq. 54). (Ringopening polymerizations of ethylene and propylene oxides,... 

Electrochemical epoxidation of olefins has been developed for the production of ethylene and propylene oxides in aqueous sodium chloride or bromide solution. However, associated with these electrolyses are difficulties in achieving product selectivity as well as in obtaining high yields of the epoxides. Recently, a regiose-lective )-epoxidation of polyisoprenoids (23) to (24), promoted by electrooxidation in an MeCN/THF/H20-NaBr-(Pt) system, has been achieved (Scheme 10) [52]. 

The search for a new epoxidation method that would be appropriate for organic synthesis should also, preferably, opt for a catalytic process. Industry has shown the way. It resorts to catalysis for epoxidations of olefins into key intermediates, such as ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. The former is prepared from ethylene and dioxygen with silver oxide supported on alumina as the catalyst, at 270°C (15-16). The latter is prepared from propylene and an alkyl hydroperoxide, with homogeneous catalysis by molybdenum comp e ts( 17) or better (with respect both to conversion and to selectivity) with an heterogeneous Ti(IV) catalyst (18), Mixtures of ethylene and propylene can be epoxidized too (19) by ten-butylhydroperoxide (20) (hereafter referred to as TBHP). 

One US plant manufd, since about 1948, Gc starting with petroleum, chlorine and caustic soda. At first a mixt of ethylene- and propylene oxides was obtd and this was treated with Na hypochlorite (obtd from NaOH+Cl2) and then hydrolyzed with NaOH. (Ref 15)... 

Several flexible polymers, such as natural rubber (NR) synthetic rubber (SR) polyalkyl acrylates copolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene, (ABS) and polyvinyl alkyl ethers, have been used to improve the impact resistance of PS and PVC. PS and copolymers of ethylene and propylene have been used to increase the ductility of polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and nylon 66, respectively. The mechanical properties of several other engineering plastics have been improved by blending them with thermoplastics. 

The principal polyolefins are low-density polyethylene (ldpe), high-density polyethylene (hope), linear low-density polyethylene (lldpe), polypropylene (PP), polyisobutylene (PIB), poly-1-butene (PB), copolymers of ethylene and propylene (EP), and proprietary copolymers of ethylene and alpha olefins. Since all these polymers are aliphatic hydrocarbons, the amorphous polymers are soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with similar solubility parameters. Like other alkanes, they are resistant to attack by most ionic and most polar chemicals their usual reactions are limited to combustion, chemical oxidation, chlorination, nitration, and free-radical reactions. 

Enhanced radiation cross-linking in polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly-isobutylene and in copolymers of ethylene and propylene was found when nitrous oxide was incorporated into the polymer matrix. Mechanisms of fhis process have been proposed by several workers. ... 

Propane s greatest use is not as a fuel but in the petrochemical industry as a feedstock. As an alkane, it undergoes typical alkane reactions of combustion, halogenation, pyrolysis, and oxidation. Pyrolysis or cracking of propane at several hundred degrees Celsius and elevated pressure in combination with metal catalysts result in dehydrogenation. Dehydrogenation is a primary source of ethylene and propylene ... 

There are many producers in Europe with similar ranges of products including some based on C13 alcohols e.g. Lansurf AE35. Lankem also has a range based on C16 18 alcohols with 4, 19 and 35 mol of ethylene oxide added e.g. Lansurf AE735. In addition Lankem produces random alcohol alkoxides such as Lansurf AEP66, which are based on Ci2—15 alcohols with a random mix of ethylene and propylene oxides. 

A detailed study of the oxidation of alkenes by O on MgO at 300 K indicated a stoichiometry of one alkene reacted for each O ion (114). With all three alkenes, the initial reaction appears to be the abstraction of a hydrogen atom by the O ion in line with the gas-phase data (100). The reaction of ethylene and propylene with O" gave no gaseous products at 25°C, but heating the sample above 450°C gave mainly methane. Reaction of 1-butene with O gives butadiene as the main product on thermal desorption, and the formation of alkoxide ions was proposed as the intermediate step. The reaction of ethylene is assumed to go through the intermediate H2C=C HO which reacts further with surface oxide ions to form carboxylate ions in Eq. (23),... 

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