Ovary cyst

Dutch workers concluded that patients who were still having a menstrual cycle had a high chance (81%) of developing ovarian cysts during tamoxifen treatment, but that postmenopausal women taking tamoxifen only developed ovarian cysts if their ovaries were able to respond to FSH stimulation, as shown by serum estradiol production (69). Differences in patient populations might explain why some workers (70) still find no association in their patients between tamoxifen and ovarian pathology. 

Reproductive effects have been noted in experimental animals exposed for intermediate durations, but the levels of exposure were higher (80-6,600 ppm) than those to which humans are exposed in the modem industrial environment (Ward et al. 1985 Wolf et al. 1956). In an intermediate-duration inhalation study, male and female CD-I mice were exposed 5 days per week, 6 hours per day to benzene vapor for 13 weeks (Ward et al. 1985). Histopathological changes were observed in ovaries (bilateral cysts) and... 

Ovarian cyst— A benign or malignant growth on an ovary. An ovarian cyst can disappear without treatment or become extremely painful and have to be surgically removed. 

The patient was otherwise very healthy. She reported no other health problems, a review of her body systems showed no abnormalities, and she was rarely ill. Blood samples were taken at the first appointment, and her blood counts and blood chemistry were normal. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were in normal ranges, but the serum testosterone was significantly elevated. Follow-up ultrasonography revealed several small cysts on each ovary, confirming the diagnosis of polycystic ovary disease. 

The results of pelvic examination and blood chemistry tests were entirely normal. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were normal, while serum testosterone was elevated. Pelvic ultrasonography revealed multiple cysts on each ovary. 

Endometriosis-associated pain is secondary to structural and/or inflammatory causes. The lesions may cause pain by compression of nerve fibers. Increased pressure within endometriomas (cysts within the ovary) has been linked to dyspareunia. Endometrial lesions also generate local inflammation with prostaglandin release and increase the risk of developing adhesions. Endometrial lesions contain estrogen and progesterone receptors, and symptoms may correlate with the cyclic release of hormones during the menstrual cycle. 

Patients with early ovarian cancer can present with nonspecific, vague abdominal symptoms such as nausea, discomfort, dyspepsia, flatulence, bloating, fullness, early satiety, and digestive disturbances. " These symptoms can easily be confused with symptoms that happen normally throughout the menstrual cycle. Late symptoms can include pain, abdominal distention, ascites, and abdominal or pelvic masses. " A palpable ovary in a postmenopausal woman should be promptly evaluated because functional cysts do not usually occur in this age group. ... 

Table 6.2 Reconstruction by the FPT of spectral parameters and concentrations of metabolites for a synthesized time signal based on MRS data as encoded in vitro in Ref [23] from cyst fluid of benign ovaries. Convergence is attained at N/16 = 64 (N = 1024 middle panel (ii)).

Figure 6.6 Absorption total shape spectra generated by the FPT for the benign and malignant ovarian cyst data derived from Ref. [23]. The signal lengths are N/32 = 32 (top panels (i), (iv)), N/16 = 64 (middle panels (ii), (v)), and N/8 = 128 (bottom panels (Mi), (vi)), where N is the full signal length (N = 1024). The left panels correspond to benign ovarian data and the right panels to malignant ovary.

Figure 6.7 Absorption spectra for cases derived from benign and malignant ovarian cyst in vitro encoded MRS data from Ref. [23]. Upper panels show the performance of the FFT (left (i)) and FPT (right (iii)) at N/16 = 64, where N = 1024 for the benign ovary. The FPT is fully converged, whereas the FFT-generated spectra are not interpretable. For ovarian cancer (lower panels, FFT (left (ii), FPT (right (iv)), a similar pattern is seen.

Fig. 1.85a-e. Ovarian torsion. a,b Longitudinal US scan shows an echogenic mass with tiny cyst behind the uterus (U) in the cul-de-sac. The little prepuberal uterus is displaced anteriorly, and it is hard to delineate it from the mass (arrows), c Color Doppler showing the absence the flow in the center of the ovary, d Surgical specimen, e In vitro study of the ovary. Multiple edematous immature follicles maybe visualized in the ovary not only in the periphery but in the whole ovary. B, bladder... 

Ovarian cysts may be seen in women with pelvic congestion syndrome ranging from a few cysts to polycystic ovary syndrome produced by estrogen overstimulation. 

Fig. 8.2a-c. Ovarian location in a woman of childbearing age. CT scans at the level of the uterine corpus (a-c) The right ovary (arrow) is located in the ovarian fossa (a). Atypical location of the left ovary (arrow) anterior to the uterine corpus near the anterior abdominal wall (b). A corpus luteum cyst (asterisk) displays attenuation values higher than water and a distinct enhancing wall (c)... 

Ovaries can be identified on CT and MRI due to their location and soft tissue characteristics. The landmark of the ovaries are follicular structures which can be best identified on T2-weighted MRI [8]. On CT, normal ovaries can be best identified after bowel contrast opacification. They are ovoid soft tissue structures with low attenuation areas which represent normal follicles (Fig. 8.2). Presence of a dominant folhde ranging more than 1 cm in size assists in ovarian identification. Hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts may he identified by high attenuation values or a fluid-fluid level [9]. 

Most ovaries display a shrunken gyriform external appearance, some may also have a smooth contour (Fig. 8.7). The ovarian stroma increases variably in volume, and unresolved corpora lutea may be found [6]. Follicles may persist for several years after cessation of menses. They may account for sporadic ovulation, and follicle cyst formation. Follicular activity is typically not found after 4-5 years after menopause [5]. Mild hyperplasia of the medullary and corti-... 

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