Functional cyst

Patients with early ovarian cancer can present with nonspecific, vague abdominal symptoms such as nausea, discomfort, dyspepsia, flatulence, bloating, fullness, early satiety, and digestive disturbances. " These symptoms can easily be confused with symptoms that happen normally throughout the menstrual cycle. Late symptoms can include pain, abdominal distention, ascites, and abdominal or pelvic masses. " A palpable ovary in a postmenopausal woman should be promptly evaluated because functional cysts do not usually occur in this age group. ... 

Functional cysts may develop internal hemorrhage. Hemorrhagic ovarian cysts typically present with sudden and severe lower abdominal pain. On US, they may appear echogenic or hypoechoic. 

Corpus luteum cysts have thicker enhancing walls than follicle cysts following intravenous contrast application (Fig. 8.6). Corpus luteum cysts may contain blood with bright signal on Tl and T2 as a sign of subacute hemorrhage [8]. Resolution is expected in on follow-up after two to three menstrual cycles and proves the diagnosis of a functional cyst. 

S.Outwater EK, Mitchell DG (1996) Normal ovaries and functional cysts MR appearance. Radiology 198 397-402... 

They occur typically in women in the reproductive age however, less commonly they may be also found in the postmenopausal age. In a series of 74 normal ovaries, the average size of the largest cyst was 1 cm (range, 0.2-4.7 cm) [51]. Functional cysts usually do not exceed 5 cm in size, but may occasionally grow as large as 8-10 cm (Fig. 9.18). In most cases, they are... 

Functional cysts are asymptomatic in the majority of cases. Progesterone production may persist in corpus luteum cysts, resulting in delayed menstruation or bleeding anomahes. Large physiologic cysts may cause abdominal pressure or low back pain. Acute abdomen is caused by comphcations such as rupture, hemorrhage, or torsion. 

Functional cysts smaller than 2.5-3 cm cannot be differentiated fi om normal mature folhcles. Unilocular cystadenomas may mimic functional cysts. Regression in a follow-up over two to three cycles, however, will allow the diagnosis of a nonneoplastic functional cyst. Unilocular cystic lesions even in postmenopausal women have an extremely low incidence of malignancy (Fig. 9.11) [32]. 

Unilateral or bilateral ovarian follicular cysts of various sizes are frequently observed in girls with precocious puberty (onset of secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years of age). These cysts may either be secondary to ovarian stimulation by an increased level of circulating pituitary gonadotropins (central precocious puberty) or functional cysts similar to those seen in normal girls (partial precocious development). However, in some cases a large ovarian cyst may assume an autonomous function and be responsible for precocious puberty due to excessive estrogen production. 

Petrovskii, A., Loiko, N., Nikolaev, Yu., Kozlova, A., El -Registan, G., Deryabin, D., Mikhailenko, N., Kobzeva, T., Kanaev, P., Krupyanskii, Yu. Regulation of the function activity of lysozyme by alkylhydroxybenzenes. Microbiology, Vol.78, No.2, (March 2009), pp. 144-153, ISSN 1350-0872 Reusch, R., Sadoff, H. Novel lipid components of the Azotobacter vinelandii cyst membrane. 

Medullary cystic disease A hereditary kidney disorder characterized by gradual and progressive loss of kidney function because of cysts in the kidney medulla. 

Paloneva, J., Kestila, M., Wu, J., Salminen, A., Bohling, T., Ruotsalainen, V., Hakola, P., Bakker, A.B., Phillips, J.H., Pekkarinen, P., Lanier, L.L., Timonen, T., and Peltonen, L. (2000) Eoss-of-function mutations in TYROBP (DAP 12) result in a presenile dementia with bone cysts. Nature Genetics 25, 357-361. 

Two additional functions can be added to this list cysts can be direct sources of toxicity, and their formation can be a major factor in bloom termination. 

A quantitatively important pathway of cysteine catabolism in animals is oxidation to cysteine sulfinate (Fig. 24-25, reaction z),450 a two-step hydroxyl-ation requiring 02, NADPH or NADH, and Fe2+. Cysteine sulfinic acid can be further oxidized to cyste-ic acid (cysteine sulfonate),454 which can be decarbox-ylated to taurine. The latter is a component of bile salts (Fig. 22-16) and is one of the most abundant free amino acids in human tissues 455-457 Its concentration is high in excitable tissues, and it may be a neurotransmitter (Chapter 30). Taurine may have a special function in retinal photoreceptor cells. It is an essential dietary amino acid for cats, who may die of heart failure in its absence,458 and under some conditions for humans.459 In many marine invertebrates, teleosts, and amphibians taurine serves as a regulator of osmotic pressure, its concentration decreasing in fresh water and increasing in salt water. A similar role has been suggested for taurine in mammalian hearts. A chronically low concentration of Na+ leads to increased taurine.460 Taurine can be reduced to isethionic acid... 

Any consideration of major issues relating to the balance of benefit and harm, such as cancer or mortality rates, should be supplemented by a consideration of less prominent ones, for example, a reduction in disorders of the menstrual cycle (such as dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and the premenstrual syndrome) and the reduced risks of iron deficiency anemia, functional ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, benign breast disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ectopic pregnancy (10,11). 

Holt VL, Daling JR, McKnight B, Moore D, Stergachis A, Weiss NS. Functional ovarian cysts in relation to the use of monophasic and triphasic oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 1992 79(4) 529-33. 

Lanes SF, Birmann B, Walker AM, Singer S. Oral contraceptive type and functional ovarian cysts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992 166(3) 956-61. 

Nasu K, Miyazaki T, Kiyonaga Y, Kawasaki F, Miyakawa I. Torsion of a functional ovarian cyst in a premenopausal patient receiving tamoxifen. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1999 48(3) 200-2. 

C02 is frequently the predominant duodenal gas and plays an important role in the physiology of cestodes in two ways (a) as a source of carbon atoms for metabolic functions via C02 fixation (Chapter 5) (b) as a trigger in the hatching of cyclophyllidean eggs (p. 192) or the excystment of larval cysts. Production of C02 results from the interaction of HC03 and H+, the latter being derived from secretions from the gut, biliary and pancreatic... 

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