Other Stains

Numerous other stains are occasionally used in specizilist microbiology laboratories. These include capsule stains, flagellar stains, negative stains, and specialist stains for protozoa and fungi. Details of these may be found in a specialist text 

Green and S.S. Scott, Microscopy , in Mackie McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology , Ch. 2, pp 11-37. 13th Edn. ed.J.G. Collee,J.P. Duguid, A.G. Fraser and B.P. Marmion, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, and New York, 1989. 

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These results are inconsistent with a radical rebound mechanism because this mechanism is a two-step process that requires the involvement of intermediates. Instead the results suggest that the hydroxylation is a concerted process, much like a singlet carbene reaction, which does not involve intermediates. However, this conclusion is in conflict with the properties of singlet carbene reactions discussed above. Subsequent studies on a number of substituted methylcyclopropanes and other stained hydrocarbon systems established that these findings were not anomalous. 

Lipids may be visualized on thin-layer plates using a general stain but this does not usually indicate the nature of the lipid present. Many of these are destructive (Table 12.10) and the lipid cannot be analysed further after elution from the plate, but other stains are non-destructive (Table 12.11). There... 

To make cut pile carpets, two strands of BCF yarns are twisted together and heat-set with steam using a Superba heat setting machine at 135-145 °C or at 175-195 °C when heat-set with super-heated steam in a Suessen. An experimental design experiment [94] showed the higher the heat set temperature, then the lower is the bulk of the final carpet, but there is an increase in the tip definition and walk performance. The tufted carpets are then dyed with disperse dyes at atmospheric boil [95] in a continuous or a batch process. PTT carpets showed excellent resiliency in walk test experiments, equivalent to a nylon and much better than both PET and polypropylene, had lower static charge of <3.5 kV, and were resistant to coffee, mustard, betadine, red acid dyes and other stains [96],... 

The following basic protocols may be used alone or combined with other staining procedures in multiparameter flow cytometry experiments. Although they are illustrated with data from cells that proliferate in suspension, these protocols may be easily modified for the analysis of cells isolated from tissues or adherent cells in culture, by incorporating an initial step for the preparation of single cell suspensions. The assays are conducted at room temperature, unless otherwise noted. 

In cardiomyopathic hamsters Luque et al. [1994] stained for Cx43 using confocal microscopy and found that some of the cardiomyocytes stain normally but others stain diffusely, with a pixel intensity distribution of the confocal images showing a 90% increase in the number of pixels and a 60% decrease in pixel intensity in the cardiomyopathic hearts as compared to control hearts. Thus, Cx43 seemed to be present in the cells but did not become localized on the membranes as in normal cells. 

Amylase facilitates the removal of starch-containing stains such as those from pasta, potato, gravy, chocolate, and baby food. Dried-up starch is difficult to remove from medium- to low temperatures. Amylase adheres to the surface of laundry, acting as an adhesive for other stain components. Starch acts as a kind of glue which binds particulate soil to the surface. Amylase hydrolyzes the starch into dextrins and oligosaccharides the latter are readily dissolved in the washing liquor and thus successively diminish the stain. Likewise, dried-on food, in particular stains and films from starch-containing foods, may be difficult to remove in a dishwasher. 

One of the most commonly used staining procedures involves hematoxylin and eosin, but it was found that the dyes interfere with either the proteins or the MALDI process. As a consequence, the quality of the mass spectra is significantly compromised [54], When five other staining protocols (Terry s Polychrome, Toluidine Blue, Nuclear Fast Red, Cresyl Violet, and Methylene Blue) were compared to a control section (unstained tissue rinsed in 70% and 100% ethanol), Cresyl Violet and Methylene Blue had the highest degrees... 

The following table provides common fluorescent stain reagents for use in electrophoresis.1 Note that these agents are typically applied in small amounts before electrophoresis. Other stains are available as proprietary materials consult reviews on staining procedures for additional materials.2 3... 

The general characteristics desired for vanilla pods are that they are whole, sound, supple and full, of typical flavour, of uniform chocolate brown to dark brown colour and without any other stain for the non-split and split pods. The pods must have been cured suitably to develop their flavour and contain optimal moisture content. The pods may be rimy, with a mark at the bottom one-third of their length. 

In addition to the methods described above a battery of other staining procedures are available. These include use of alcian blue (22) to stain glycoproteins, ethidium bromide (23) to stain DNA, and methylene blue (14) and pyronine (16) to stain RNA. A relatively new stain has been nicknamed stains-all, because of its ability to stain most macromolecules. This dye is a cationic carbocyanine and stains RNA bluish purple, DNA blue, protein red, acid mucopolysaccharides various shades of blue to purple, and phosphoproteins blue (24). It is presently the most widely used stain for RNA. 

Because other stains/images on the cloth (which are of known origin) are important for comparison, we will also refer to some of these, as we will to extraneous pieces of cloth that are presently attached to the Shroud in one way or another. The most obvious marks are those resulting from a fire in a.d. 1532. These can be classified as burns (labeled C), marks actually composed in part of charred linen, and scorches (labeled D),... 

One good method of detection on TLC plates is the use of iodine. After the plate has been run and dried, it is placed in a closed container containing iodine. The iodine vapor reacts with double bonds in the compounds to form brown complexes. If iodine doesn t work, then other staining methods will have to be examined6 (ideally the staining method should be reversible so that the compound identity can be confirmed by HPLC after the plate has been run and stained). 

Observation (a) The masses remain the same before and after dissolving, (b) The stain from the pure gasoline becomes smaller and smaller until it can no longer be seen. The other stain also gets smaller but a clear grease stain remains on the paper. 

Certain markers with specificity for muscle differentiation may be useful in recognizing leiomyomas, beyond desmin, caldesmon, and muscle-associated actins, but their application in diagnostic immunohistopathology is not generally considered routine. Smooth muscle myosin and Z-band protein have been advocated by some, particularly when either the histologic pattern is unusual (such as myxoid or hyalinized lesions) or the interpretation of a myogenous lesion is not corroborated by other stains. 

The described procedure is the only one that gives a variety of colors which may help the identification of polypeptides separated. It has, however, to be noted that some colors are dependent on the protein concentration. Comparison of the results of different variations of the silver stain method [225,226] and other staining procedures [227,228] proved that the method of Oakley et al. [227] is simple and quickly performed. In the Sammons procedures [224] (see above) the washing steps are rather time consuming but offer superior results. The most complicated procedure is that of Switzer et al. [225]. It must also be noted that the methods of Oakley et al. [227] and Switzer et al. [225] require ammoniacal silver solution which is more difficult to handle than silver nitrate. Also the above described method is the only one that allows more than one gel to be stained at once in the same tray. 

Immunohistochemical methods have demonstrated molecules which may serve these functional specializations. Whereas antibodies to several components of BL (collagen type IV, laminin, nidogen, HSPG) stain both synaptic and extrasynaptic BL (Eldridge et al., 1986), other antibodies stain synaptic BL selectively, and still others stain... 

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