Capsule stain

Numerous other stains are occasionally used in specizilist microbiology laboratories. These include capsule stains, flagellar stains, negative stains, and specialist stains for protozoa and fungi. Details of these may be found in a specialist text... 

Figure 21.4. Immuno-staining for cartilage specific collagen lype 11 molecules within matrix synthesized by embedded cultured human articular chondrocyte cells (500,000 cells per capsule). Staining of new matrix is strong throughout each sampled capsule. Individual cells are located in well-defined lacuane at a high density. New matrix is not formed in capsules containing primary hBMSC.

Figure 1. Frontal section through human brain stained for acetylcholinesterase (frame A) and diagram showing locations of individual cholinergic cells irregularly dispersed throughout the nucleus basalis of Meynert and surrounding regions of human brain (frame B). Abbreviations AC, anterior commissure B, nucleus basalis of Meynert gpe, globus pallidus external part gpi, globus pallidus internal part, 1C internal capsule P, putamen.

Erythrosin (Gr spi/fif/ocr-red), tetraiodofluorescein, was synthesized first by Gnehm [220] and named by him. It has been used as a food coloring for many years and is the red dye of maraschino cherries, Tylenol capsules, and bright red luncheon meats. It is known as FD C Food Dyers and Colorists 3 and has received substantial attention from the FDA over the last 10 years since it causes bladder cancer when ingested in huge amounts by rats. It has recently been banned as a food dye in the United States, but is a source of dietary iodine for the Japanese [221], It is also used as a stain. 

For a time, the question of the bacterial origin of these bodies was hotly debated. Hanks,208 from cytological evidence and the fact that such materials were confined to the leprosy bacillus and disappeared during sulfone therapy, persuasively reasoned that they originated in M. leprae. Moreover, since chloroform in aqueous systems declumped and dispersed M. leprae, he concluded that mycobacterial lipids were the major bonding substances in the electron-transparent material. Since the material of the capsule can be stained with Sudan Black B, Fisher and Barksdale209 and Nishiura et al.2 0 had concluded that the electron-transparent zone which surrounds M. leprae in vivo is lipid. 

Methylene blue can also be administered intracamerally to stain the crystalline lens capsule to aid in visualization during cataract surgery. 

FIGURE 9.18 Coronal section of monkey brain stained for biotinylated albumin immediately after infusion of 5 [xL at 0.1 jxL/min. Gpi, Globus pallidus interna Gpe, Globus pallidus externa OT, optic tract Put, putamen IC, internal capsule. (Reproduced from Lonser RR et al. J Neurosurg 1999 91 294-302.)... 

Fig. 4 Immunohistochemistry results for cell-free CCP and TE-CCP scaffolds at 4 and 8 weeks, (a) Staining for the immunomodulatory and tissue remodeling (M2 phenotype) marker CD163 at 4 weeks demonstrated active M2 macrophage activity in the scaffold substance, particularly at sites of new bone formation and the host-scaffold interface in cell-free scaffolds. These cells were less evident by 8 weeks, suggesting an advanced stage of the remodeling process, (b) In the TE scaffolds, M2 phenotype macrophages were evident at both 4 and 8 weeks predominantly at the periphery of the scaffold, especially in the fibrous/inflammatory capsule seen previously on histological examination, (c) The proinflammatoiy (CCR7) marker demonstrated little Ml macrophage cell activity in unseeded scaffolds at either 4 or 8 weeks, (d) There was marked population of these cells at the periphery of TE scaffolds at both 4 and 8 weeks. Reproduced with permission from Lyons et al. [86]...

Immunohistochemical staining of Bacillus anthracis with monoclonal antibodies against cell wall and capsule antigens has been successfully used in the recognition of bioterrorism-related anthrax cases and is an important step in early diagnosis and treatment (Fig. 3.26A-C). Gram staining and culture isolation of... 

IP injection at dose levels of Ig/Kg body weight produce no mortality. In pigs and rabbits, osmarins of high molecular weight stain the joint capsules and articular surfaces of injected joints irreversibly. In limited experimental treatments of arthritic dogs, improvements have been noted in five of six cases. It is proposed that, in vivo, osmarins may react with superoxide ion and remove this damaging species. 

Figure 3 is a photograph of a stained joint. The osmarin used in this case contained 35% osmium as a dry solid. All surfaces within the synovial space were stained, articular cartilage on the joint surfaces and the joint capsule which encloses the space. The most proximal lympth node was stained (not shown). 

Joint capsule and cartilage of arthritic and healthy animals are similarly stained. The growth related lined pattern is observed in both arthritic and healthy animals. Disease related differences are found only in tissues relating to arthritic lesions. 

Encapsulated islets secreted insulin into the extracapsule medium (here aMEM with 50 mg/dL glucose 24 h static incubation) at a rate that appeared to be one-third that of control islets (Fig. 20) based on the number of islets added to the encapsulation syringe (typically 100-150) for up to 30 days after encapsulation. Unfortunately the capsules were opaque so that it was impossible to determine the actual number of islets in a batch of capsules until the end of an experiment. According to a vital stain (alcian blue), 70-80% of the islets (after 4 weeks) inside the capsule were intact and viable. However the yield of encapsulated islets was 30% relative to the number added to the syringe. Hence the insulin secretion values, based on the actual number of islets in the capsules, was comparable to that for the control. Encapsulated rat islets also responded to... 

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