Other Single-Stage Processes

The solvent-refined coal (SRC) processes were originally developed to produce cleaner boiler fuels from coal. A 0.5t/day plant was built in 1965 and scaled up in 1974 into two separate pilot plants located at Wilsonville (SRC-I, 6t/day) and Fort Lewis, WA (SRC-I, 50t/day). The Fort Lewis plant was later converted to an SRC-II unit. Due to the more severe conditions required for SRC-II, the capacity was downgraded to about 25 t/day. The objective of the SRC-II process was to produce distillate products. Detailed designs for large-scale plant were subsequently prepared, although these plants were not built. The Wilsonville plant continued to be funded 

Reactor type Tubular reactor Bubble column Bubble column 

The development of the Imhausen high-pressure process commenced in 1982, and a lOOkg/day PDU was commissioned in 1984. However, the severe operating conditions (470-505 °C and 60-100MPa) limit their commercialization potential. 

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Similarly, Al, H2 and Mc2C=CH2 react at 100° and 200 atm to give AlBu 3 in a single-stage process, provided a small amount of this compound is present at the start this is required because Al does not react directly with H2 to form AIH3 prior to alkylation under these conditions. Alkene exchange reactions can be used to transform AlBuj into numerous other trialkyls. AIBU3 reduced by potassium... 

Application to Simultaneous Phase and Chemical Equilibrium. The single-stage process with simultaneous phase and chemical equilibrium is another application of the inside-out concept where the Newton-Raphson method has been employed in a judicious way in the inside loop. There would appear to be no reaction parameter having characteristics that make it suitable as an outside loop iteration variable in the spirit of the inside-out concept. On the other hand, the chemical equilibrium relationships are simple in form, and do not introduce new thermophysical properties that depend in a complicated way on other variables. Thus it makes sense to include them in the inside loop, and to introduce the reaction extents as a new set of inside loop variables. 

The dip BM process bears some resemblance to IBM in that it is a single-stage process performed with a preform on a core/blow pin.The difference is in the way the preform is made. The process uses an accumulator cylinder that is fed by an extruder. The cylinder has an injection ram at one end while the other is a free fit over the blow pin. The blow pin is dipped into the melt so that a neck mold on the pin seals the end of the accumulator cylinder. The injection ram is advanced to fill the neck mold then the blow pin is withdrawn at a controlled rate so that it is coated with a melt layer extruded through the annular gap between the pin and the accumulator cylinder. The thickness of the coating can be varied or profiled to an extent by varying the speed of the blow pin and the pressure on the injection ram. After trimming, the preform is BM in the same manner used for IBM. 

The liquid-phase oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde was pioneered by the Consortium fiir Elektrochemische Industrie G.m.b.H. Industrially, the single-stage process was developed mainly by Farbwerke Hoechst A. G. and the two-stage process by Wacker Chemie G.m.b.H. itself. Both processes are licensed by Aldehyd G.m.b.H., jointly owned by Wacker Chemie G.m.b.H. and Farbwerke Hoechst G.m.b.H. The basic patents of these two companies on the Wacker process are listed in Table IV. In addition to these patents, which have given Wacker Chemie G.m.b.H. and Farbwerke Hoechst a dominant role in this field, other companies hold some patents in this area (Table X). How many of the patents listed in Tables IX and X are commercially important cannot be judged, based on the open literature alone. 

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